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Pharm Block 3 (antibiotics) Flashcards

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1
Q

Penicillin G

A

Penicillin, IV, IM, used for gram+- cocci, spirochetes, anaerobes of oral cavity, not resistant to penicillinase
Adverse: All kinds of allergies, high doses cause convulsions

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2
Q

Penicillin V

A

Penicillin, PO very available, used for gram+- cocci, spirochetes, anaerobes of oral cavity, not resistant to penicillinase
Adverse: all kinds of allergies, high doses cause convulsions

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3
Q

Dicloxacillin

A

Penicillinase resistant, treat S. aereus except MRSA

Adverse: high causes convulsions

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4
Q

Nafcillin

A

Penicillinase resistant, S. aereus except MRSA, primarily excreted in the bile
Adverse: high causes convulsions

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5
Q

Oxacillin

A

Penicillinase resistant, S. aereus except MRSA

Adverse: high causes convulsions

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6
Q

Methicillin

A

Penicillinase resistant, S. aureus except MRSA

Adverse: high causes convulsions

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7
Q

Ampicillin

A

Amino penicillin, same as penicillin and wider (E. coli, H. influenza, Salmonella, Shigella and some Proteus, penicillinase sensitive (use with penicillinase inhib)
Adverse: high causes convulsions

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8
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Amino penicillin, penicillin but wider (E. coli, H. influenza, Salmonella, some proteus), use with peniciliinase inhib (penicillinase sensitive), more PO available than ampicillin
Adverse: high causes convulsions

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9
Q

Carbenicillin indanyl

A

Antipseudomonal penicillin, same as penicillin but wider (gets Pseudomonas and gram- rods), penicillinase sensitive (use with penicillinase inhib)
Adverse: high causes convulsions

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10
Q

Ticarcillin

A

Antipseudomonal penicillin, same as penicillin but wider (gets Pseudomonas and gram- rods), penicillinase sensitive (use with penicillinase inhib)
Adverse: can cause coag inhib and electrolyte imbalance (2X Na in prep)
Adverse: high causes convulsions

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11
Q

Piperacillin

A

Antipseudomonal penicillin, same as penicillin but wider (gets Pseudomonas and gram- rods), penicillinase sensitive (use with penicillinase inhib), gets Klebsiella
Adverse: high causes convulsions

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12
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

Penicillinase inhib

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13
Q

Sulbactam

A

Penicillinase inhib

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14
Q

Tazobactam

A

Penicillinase inhib

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15
Q

Cephalexin

A

1rst gen cephalosporin, Gram+ cocci, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, gm+ penicillinase resistant, gm- penicillinase sensitive
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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16
Q

Cefazolin

A

1rst gen cephalosporin, Gram+ cocci, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, gm+ penicillinase resistant, gm- penicillinase sensitive, used for surgery prophylaxis, has a long half life (renal filtration)
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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17
Q

Cefaclor

A

2nd gen cephalosporin, gram+ cocci, H. influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria, P. mirabilis, E. coli, K. pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, gm+ penicillinase resistant, gm- penicillinase sensitive
Adverse: Serum sickness in kids
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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18
Q

Cefuroxime

A

2nd gen cephalosporin, gram+ cocci, H. influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria, P. mirabilis, E. coli, K. pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, gm+ penicillinase resistant, gm- penicillinase sensitive
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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19
Q

Cefotetan

A

2nd gen cephalosporin, only one good against Bacillis fragilis, gram+ cocci, H. influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria, P. mirabilis, E. coli, K. pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, gm+ penicillinase resistant, gm- penicillinase sensitive
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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20
Q

Ceftazidime

A

3rd gen cephalosporin, all other cephalosporin and serious gram- infections
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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21
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

3rd gen cephalosporin, all other cephalosporin and serious gram- infections, primarily biliary excreted
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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22
Q

Cefotaxime

A

3rd gen cephalosporin, all other cephalosporin and serious gram- infections
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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23
Q

Cefepime

A

4th gen cephalosporin, same as other cephalosporins but with more resistance to penicillinase and increased activity against pseudomonas
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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24
Q

Ceftaroline

A

5th gen cephalosporin, Active against MRSA, only beta-lactam that does
Adverse: Cross allergy with penicillin (10%), VitK deficiency (bleeding), no EtOH (disulfuran-like rxn)

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25
Imipenem with cilastin
Carbapenem, gram+ cocci, gram- rods | Adverse: GI distress, skin rash, CNS toxicity (seizures) at high levels
26
Meropenem
Carbapenem gram+ cocci, gram- rods | Adverse: GI distress, skin rash, CNS toxicity (seizures) at high levels
27
Ertapenem
Carbapenem, gram+ cocci, gram- rods | Adverse: GI distress, skin rash, CNS toxicity (seizures) at high levels
28
Aztreonam
Monobactam, only aerobic gm- bact, very resistant to beta-lactamase, no cross allergies, used mainly for nosocomial gm- infs
29
Vancomycin
Glycopeptide, used gm+ only, for drug resistant bugs (MRSA and C. diff)
30
Telavancin
Lipoglycopeptide, complicated skin infections (MRSA) | Adverse: allergic? nephro and ototoxic? Don't give it to preggers
31
Bacitracin
Cell well synth inhib, only used topically, very nephrotoxic
32
Cycloserine
Cell wall synth inhib, used in TB, inhibs alanine racemase preventing L-Ala to D-Ala
33
Fosfomycin
Cell wall synth inhib, inhibs cell walls early, used for UTIs
34
Erythromycin
Macrolide, static, 50s Inhib in one place, used for Mycoplasma pneumo and Legionella (STDs, gm+cocci, Neisseria, penicillin allergic peeps) Adverse: cholestatic hepatitis, epigastr distress, CYP inhib, all kinds of GI motility
35
Clarithromycin
Macrolide, static, 50s Inhib in one place, used for Mycoplasma pneumo and Legionella (STDs, gm+cocci, Neisseria, penicillin allergic peeps) Adverse: acute psychosis
36
Azithromycin
Macrolide, static, 50s Inhib in one place, used for Mycoplasma pneumo and Legionella (STDs, gm+cocci, Neisseria, penicillin allergic peeps), tissue conc is high so don't have to give as long
37
Telithromycin
Ketolide, static, binds 50s in two places, only approved for community acquired pneumo Adverse: acute hepatic failure don't give to pts with Myasthenia gravis
38
Clindamycin
Lincosamide, static, 50s inhib, gm+, community MRSA, highly active against B. fragilis Adverse: diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis
39
Quinupristin/dalfoprisitn
Streptogramins, combo, bind at 50s diff places, only gm + and usually only when not responsive to other drugs (VRE faecium only and maybe MRSA?) Adverse: venous issues at infusion site, arthralgia, myalgia, nausea, vomit, diarrhea
40
Linezolid
Oxazolidinone, 50s inhib, gm+, VRE (both) and MRSA Adverse: myelosuppresion, thrombocytopenia and anemia if given for more than 28 days, nonspecific MOAI (contra for antidepressants)
41
Chloramphenicol
Nitrobenzene, 50s inhib, static, only serious infs not treated by others, usually meningitis, used a lot in poor countries cuz it's cheap Adverse: Aplastic Anermia (not reversible or dose dependent) can occur weeks to months after treatment, Blood dyscrasia (dose dependent and reversible) during active treatment, Gray baby syndrome (babies can't glucorronylate them) they die
42
Tetracycline
Tetracycline, 30s inhib, static, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma, H. pylori, Plasmodia, amebae Adverse: hypersensitive, GI, photoxicity (use sunscreen), high doses cause hepatic dysfunct (especially preggers), teeth discoloration in kids
43
Minocycline
Tetracycline, 30s inhib, static, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma, H. pylori, Plasmodia, amebae Adverse: hypersensitive, GI, photoxicity (use sunscreen), high doses cause hepatic dysfunct (especially preggers), teeth discoloration in kids, vertigo and dizziness, skin hyperpigmentation
44
Doxycycline
Tetracycline, antimalaria, 30s inhib, static, Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma, H. pylori, Plasmodia, amebae Adverse: hypersensitive, GI, photoxicity (use sunscreen), high doses cause hepatic dysfunct (especially preggers), teeth discoloration in kids
45
Tigecycline
Glycylcyline, binds 30s,static, MRSA, VRE, penicillin resistant S. pneumonia, Acinetobacter resistant to carbapenems, ESBL producing Enterobacteriacase Effluxed only by Pseudomonas Adverse: tons of nausea and vomiting
46
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside, bind 30s, need O2, Severe gram- rod infs, can use with beta lactams Bacteria metabolically innactivate Adverse: Ototox, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade (if diaphragm you die)
47
Tobramycin
Aminoglycoside, bind 30s, need O2, Severe gram- rod infs, can use with beta lactams Bacteria metabolically innactivate Adverse: Ototox, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade (if diaphragm you die)
48
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside, bind 30s, need O2, Severe gram- rod infs, can use with beta lactams Bacteria metabolically innactivate Adverse: Ototox, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade (if diaphragm you die)
49
Kanamycin
Aminoglycoside, bind 30s, need O2, Severe gram- rod infs, can use with beta lactams Bacteria metabolically innactivate Adverse: Ototox, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade (if diaphragm you die)
50
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside, TB drug,bind 30s, need O2, Severe gram- rod infs, can use with beta lactams Bacteria metabolically innactivate Adverse: Ototox, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade (if diaphragm you die)
51
Neomycin
Aminoglycoside, bind 30s, need O2, Severe gram- rod infs, can use with beta lactams Bacteria metabolically innactivate Adverse: Ototox, Nephrotox, Neuromuscular blockade (if diaphragm you die)
52
Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolones, binds and inhibs DNA gyrase (gm-) and topoisomerase IV (gm+), Gram- rods of urinary and GI tracts (including pseudomonas), Neisseria and some gram+, Levoflox and Moxiflox good with respiratory infs Adverse: GI, Rash, CNS (headache, vertigo, etc), damage childrens cartilage, tendon rupture
53
Levofloxacin
Fluoroquinolones, binds and inhibs DNA gyrase (gm-) and topoisomerase IV (gm+), Gram- rods of urinary and GI tracts (including pseudomonas), Neisseria and some gram+, Levoflox and Moxiflox good with respiratory infs Adverse: GI, Rash, CNS (headache, vertigo, etc), damage childrens cartilage, tendon rupture
54
Gatifloxacin
Fluoroquinolones, binds and inhibs DNA gyrase (gm-) and topoisomerase IV (gm+), Gram- rods of urinary and GI tracts (including pseudomonas), Neisseria and some gram+, Levoflox and Moxiflox good with respiratory infs Adverse: GI, Rash, CNS (headache, vertigo, etc), damage childrens cartilage, tendon rupture
55
Moxifloxacin
Fluoroquinolones, binds and inhibs DNA gyrase (gm-) and topoisomerase IV (gm+), Gram- rods of urinary and GI tracts (including pseudomonas), Neisseria and some gram+, Levoflox and Moxiflox good with respiratory infs Adverse: GI, Rash, CNS (headache, vertigo, etc), damage childrens cartilage, tendon rupture
56
Rifampin
Rifamycin, TB drug, inhibs DNA dep RNA polym, monotherapy for N. meningitidis but combo for everything else (quick resistance) Adverse: minor hepatox, CYP inducer, orange body fluids (not hazardous)
57
Rifabutin
Rifamycin, TB drug, inhibs DNA dep RNA polym, monotherapy for N. meningitidis but combo for everything else (quick resistance) Adverse: minor hepatox, CYP inducer, orange body fluids (not hazardous)
58
Sulfisoxazole
Sulfonamide, PABA analog so slowly depletes folate, static, Uncomp UTIs and nocardiosis Adverse: Skin rash (possible Steven Johnson), drug fever, blood dyscrasia (rare), eosinophilia and other hypersensitivity, crystalluria (not really anymore), hepatitis possible, kernicterus in newborns cuz displaces bilirubin
59
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfonamide, PABA analog so slowly depletes folate, static, Uncomp UTIs and nocardiosis Adverse: Skin rash (possible Steven Johnson), drug fever, blood dyscrasia (rare), eosinophilia and other hypersensitivity, crystalluria (not really anymore), hepatitis possible, kernicterus in newborns cuz displaces bilirubin
60
Sulfalazine
Sulfonamide, PABA analog so slowly depletes folate, static, used for ulcerative colitis Adverse: Skin rash (possible Steven Johnson), drug fever, blood dyscrasia (rare), eosinophilia and other hypersensitivity, crystalluria (not really anymore), hepatitis possible, kernicterus in newborns cuz displaces bilirubin
61
Silver sulfadiazine
Sulfonamide, used as infections prophylaxis for burns
62
Trimethoprim
Bact folic acid reductase inhib, folate can't be recycled, static, mono only for simple UTI Adverse: can interfere with folate metab in malnourished ppl (megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia and granulocytopenia)
63
Trimethoprim/sulfmethoxazole
Sulfonamide/Reductase combo, TMP/SMX, used for bronchitis, otitis media, PCP (pneumo)
64
Nitrofurantoin
UTIs, Unknown MOA, rapidly excreted by kidney, Adverse: GI and headache, acute allergic rxn (chills, cough, pulmonary infultrates), chronic allergy after 6mos of treatment (pulmonary fibrosis)
65
Fosfomycin
UTIs, Inhibs enolpyruvyl transferase (cell wall inhib), used for uncomp acute UTI in ladies (E. coli and E faecalis sensitive)
66
Methanamine
UTIs, makes formaldehyde in acidic urine, can't use if urinating frequently
67
Daptomycin
Lipopeptide, alters membrane permeability, MOA unknown, disrupts gm+ membrane potential, kills VRSA and VRE, active against biofilms, growing or resting bact
68
Colisitn
Polymixin, alters membrane permeability, Interupt cell membranes of gm- aerobic bacilli, last resort drug, Adverse: very nephrotoxic
69
Polymixin B and E
Polymixin, alters membrane permeability, Interupt cell membranes of gm- aerobic bacilli, last resort drug, Adverse: very nephrotoxic
70
Colistimethate
Polymixin, alters membrane permeability
71
Metronidazole
Antiprotozoa, MOA unknownish, may be free radical, used against protozoa and C diff, H. pylori, B fragilis, Adverse: headache and metallic taste, can cause disulfuram like if used with EtOH
72
Spectinomycin
Alternate to penicillin/cephs for treatment of N gonorrhea only
73
Fidaxomicin
similar to vanc, used for C diff associated diarrhea
74
Isoniazid
TB drug, Primary TB drug, inhibs mycolic acid synth, drug must be activated by catalase/peroxidase (mutation leads to resistance), eliminated via acetylation, Adverse: peripheral neuritis (can be avoided), hepatoxicity which increases with age (after 35 may be unusable), all liver enzymes are increased X3
75
Pyrazinamide
TB drug, MOA not really known, Adverse: dose-related hepatoxicity, hyperuricemia (may induce gout)
76
Ethambutol
TB drug, MOA unknown, Adverse: uni or bilateral ocular toxicity, dose related and reversible, may precipitate gout, don’t use in kids
77
Amphotericin B
Antifungal, polyene, used for serious systemic fungal infections, IV admin Adverse: Hypersensitive, fever chills headache and GI (can go away), nephrotoxic (doesn't go away)
78
Nystatin
Antifungal, polyene, used for localized fungal infs only (like thrush), very hepatoxic
79
Ketoconazole
Antifungal, 1st gen azol, inhibs a fungal P450, broad antifungal activity, needs acidic stomach if used PO Adverse: hepatoxic, anaphylaxis, potent CYP3A4 inhib, can lower testosterone and ACTH
80
Itraconazole
Antifungal, 2nd gen Azole, broad fungal coverage | Adverse: potent CYP3A4 inhib
81
Fluconazole
Antifungal, 2nd gen Azole, PO available everywhere | Adverse: potent CYP3A4/2C9 inhib
82
Voraconazole
Antifungal, 3rd gen Azole, used mainly for invasive fungal infs Adverse: moderate CYP(several) inhib
83
Terbinafine
Antifungal, allylamine, ergot inhib, use with other antifungals (azols) for broader, deeper coverage Adverse: minor hepatoxic
84
Capsofungin
Antifungal, Echinocandin, very expensive, invasive disease or when not responsive to other therapies
85
Anidulafungin
Antifungal, Echinocandin, very expensive, invasive disease or when not responsive to other therapies
86
Micafungin
Antifungal, Echinocandin, very expensive, invasive disease or when not responsive to other therapies
87
Flucytosine
Antifungal, only active in fungal cells, synergistic with ampho (used alone resistance develops quickly), PO, excreted in urine Adverse: Serious bone marrow suppresion, GI, rash, hepatic dysfunction
88
Amantadine
Anti-Flu A, blocks uncoating | Adverse: confusion, hallucination, seizure, coma
89
Rimantidine
Anti-Flu A, blocks uncoating | Adverse: some CNS, less than amantadine
90
Oseltamivir
Anti-Flu, neuraminidase inhib, PO, some resistance, active against A and B Adverse: self injury and delirium in kids has been reported
91
Zanamivir
Anti-Flu, neuraminidase inhib, inhaled, not really any resistances, effective against A and B Adverse: bronchospasm (watch in asthmatics)
92
Acyclovir
Antiviral, nonHIV, IV, used for HS1/2 and VZV | Adverse: headache and GI, renal dysfunction due to crystals
93
Valacyclovir
Antiviral, HSV1/2 VZV, PO
94
Ganciclovir
Antiviral, CMV
95
Valaganciclovir
Antiviral, CMV, proganciclovir
96
Famciclovir
Antiviral, HSV1/2 VZV, PO
97
Foscarnet
Antiviral, nonHIV, used to treat resistant CMV, HSV or VZV | Adverse: renal dysfunction, headache
98
Ribivarin
Antiviral, nonHIV, RSV, parainflu, adeno
99
Boceprevir
HCV, Antiviral, nonHIV, serine protease inib used with INF-alpa and ribavirin
100
Telaprevir
HCV, Antiviral, nonHIV, serine protease inib used with INF-alpa and ribavirin
101
Zidovudine
AntiHIV, nRTIs, mess up HIV RT | Adverse: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, lipoatrophy
102
Didanosine
AntiHIV, nRTIs, mess up HIV RT | Adverse: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, lipoatrophy
103
Lamivudine
AntiHIV, nRTIs, mess up HIV RT | Adverse: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, lipoatrophy
104
Emtricitabine
AntiHIV, nRTIs, fewer side effects than others, mess up HIV RT Adverse: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, lipoatrophy
105
Tenofovir
AntiHIV, nRTIs, fewer side effects than others, mess up HIV RT Adverse: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, lipoatrophy
106
Efavirenz
AntiHIV, nnRTIs, only active against HIV1 | Adverse: rash, CNS probs, teratogenic (don't give to preggers)
107
Nevirapine
AntiHIV, nnRTIs, only active against HIV1 | Adverse: rash
108
Atazanavir
AntiHIV, Protease Inhibitor, stop viral maturation | Adverse: GI, increased liver enzymes, buffalo hump, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, bleeding in hemopheliacs
109
Darunavir
AntiHIV, Protease Inhibitor, stop viral maturation | Adverse: GI, increased liver enzymes, buffalo hump, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, bleeding in hemopheliacs
110
Fosamprenavir
AntiHIV, Protease Inhibitor, stop viral maturation | Adverse: GI, increased liver enzymes, buffalo hump, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, bleeding in hemopheliacs
111
Lopinavir
AntiHIV, Protease Inhibitor, stop viral maturation | Adverse: GI, increased liver enzymes, buffalo hump, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, bleeding in hemopheliacs
112
Saquinavir
AntiHIV, Protease Inhibitor, stop viral maturation | Adverse: GI, increased liver enzymes, buffalo hump, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, bleeding in hemopheliacs
113
Ritonavir
AntiHIV, PI booster, inhibs CYP so others aren't metabolized as quickly
114
Enfuvirtide
AntiHIV entry inhib, SubQ injection, blocks gp41 so HIV can't bind to CD4
115
Maraviroc
AntiHIV fusion inhib, binds CC5R so HIV can't use that (but can use CXCR4)
116
Raltegravir
AntiHIV integrase inhib, prevents HIV DNA from being put in host DNA
117
Chloroquine
Antimalaria, stops bugs from taking over RBCs, number 1 drug for malaria Adverse: reversible corneal damage or perm retinal damage (bull's eye), can cause visual disturbances, hyperexcitibility, convulsions, heart block
118
Mefloquine
Antimalaria, contraindicated if history of epilepsy, psychiatric disorder, arrhythmia, cardiac conduction issue
119
Quinine
Antimalaria | Adverse: cinchonism (tinnitus, headache, nausea, visual disturbances, heart block
120
Quinidine
Antimalaria | Adverse: cinchonism (tinnitus, headache, nausea, visual disturbances, heart block
121
Primaquine
Antimalaria, only drug effective against liver hypnozoites (from P vivax/ovale) Adverse: hemolytic anemia, don't give to ppl with granulocytopenia or methemoglobinemia
122
Malarone
Antimalaria, atovaquone and proguanil | A disrupts mitochond electric transport and P inhibs dihydrofolate reductase
123
Coartem
Antimalaria, artemether and lumefantrine
124
Artesunate
Antimalaria, only available from CDC
125
Idoquinol
Antiprotozoa, amebiasis, use with metronidazole if serious
126
Diloxanide furoate
Antiprotozoa, who the hell knows
127
Pentamidine
Antiprotozoa, used for PCP pneumo with TMP/SMX
128
Which plasmodia have latent liver infections?
P. vivax and ovale
129
Life cycle of plasmodia?
Mosquito bites you, the sporozoites invade the liver extra fast and make an exoerthrocytic (or shiznot) that can bust and release merozoites into blood stream which go and invade RBCs and make shiznots which when they burst release pyrogenic factors P. falciparum is the worst and most resistant organism

Med School (4 decks)

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