Pharm one liner I Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor
A
Buspirone
2
Q
Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia
A
Phenylephrine
3
Q
Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group
A
Infants
4
Q
Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia
A
Nitrous oxide
5
Q
“Date rape drug”
A
Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
6
Q
1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating
A
Diphendydramine
7
Q
1st generation antihistamine that is least sedating
A
Chlorpheniramine
8
Q
2nd generation antihistamines
A
Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
9
Q
3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products
A
Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)
10
Q
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness
A
Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)
11
Q
5HT-1D/1B agonist used for migraine headaches
A
Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan
12
Q
5ht-3 antagonist that has been MOST associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease
A
Dolasetron
13
Q
5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced emesis
A
Ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron and palonosetron
14
Q
5HT2 antagonist mediate synaptic excitation in the CNS and smooth muscle contraction
A
Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and ergot alkaloids (partial agonist of alpha and serotonin receptors)
15
Q
A class of endogenous substances that include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides that work in autocrine or paracrine manner
A
Autacoids
16
Q
A1a-selective blocker used for BPH
A
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
17
Q
Ability of a drug to produce maximal response after binding to the receptor
A
Full agonist
18
Q
Ability of drug to produce the maximal biologic effect
A
Efficacy
19
Q
Ability to bind irreversibly to the active site or bind to a site distinctly separate from the agonist binding site
A
Noncompetitive antagonist
20
Q
Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system
A
Competitive antagonist
21
Q
Ability to produce less than maximal response after binding to the receptor
A
Partial agonist
22
Q
ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in
A
pregnancy and with hyperkalemia
23
Q
Acetaminophen only has what activity?
A
Antipyretic and analgesic activity
24
Q
ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality
A
Cosyntropin
25
Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release and pain transmission
Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors
26
Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization
Postsynaptic Mu receptors
27
Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents
CNS depressants
28
Adenosine's MOA
Activates acetylcholine sensitive K+ channels in SA and AV node
29
ADH agonist used for central diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
30
Agent can blocking muscarinic receptors
Pancuronium
31
Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects
Benztropine
32
Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor
Propranolol
33
Agent for pernicious anemia
Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
34
Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker
Haloperidol
35
Agent of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine (T4)
36
Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression
Carboplatin
37
Agent that competes for alcohol dehydrogenase in the case of methanol overdose
Ethanol
38
Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress
Valproic acid
39
Agent that inhibits xanthine oxidases and used to treat chronic gout
Allopurinol, febuxostat
40
Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
Ethanol
41
Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome
Alcohol
42
Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias
Ferrous sulfate
43
Agent to treat torsades de pointes
Magnesium sulfate
44
Agent undergoing Hofmann elimination (breaking down spontaneously)
Atracurium
45
Agent used for acute muscle spasm
Cyclobenzaprine
46
Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure
Erythropoietin
47
Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
Indomethacin
48
Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy
Folic acid
49
Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12
50
Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide
Nesiritide (Natrecor)
51
Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker
Carvedilol
52
Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB
L-dopa
53
Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension
Disulfiram
54
Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy
G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)
55
Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid excretion through inhibition of URAT1 anion transporter
Probenecid
56
Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI
Aspirin
57
Agent with zero-order kinetics
Ethanol, theophylline, tolbutamide, warfarin, aspirin, phenytoin
58
Agent with greater affinity to 5HT2A receptor; reserved for refractory schizophrenia, and can cause weight gain and agranulocytosis
Clozapine
59
Agent with long duration of action and is sost likely to cause histamine release
Tubocurarine
60
Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease
Spasmolytic drugs
61
Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding
Oxytocin and ergonovine
62
Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects
Diazepam, Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate
63
Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's
Tertiary amines
64
Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)
Muscarinic blockers
65
Agents that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase
Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins
66
Agents used for SIADH
Tolvaptan and conivaptan
67
Agents used in Huntington's Disease
Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)
68
Agents used in Tourette's dx
Haloperidol or pimozide
69
Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor
Cyproheptadine
70
Alkylating agent that produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol
Procarbazine
71
Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation
Mechlorethamine
72
All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion
Side-effect profile and prior pt response
73
All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction
Meperidine
74
Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity
Vasodilation
75
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity
Hypertension
76
Alpha 1selective blockers
Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)
77
Alpha cells in the pancreas
Produce glucagon
78
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's
Acarbose
79
Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops
Lepirudin
80
Amino acid derivative for treatment of Type II diabetes
Nateglinide
81
Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic
Streptomycin
82
Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate this adverse effect
Ototoxicity
83
Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect compared with another drug
Potency
84
Amphetamine agents
Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine
85
An early generation tetracyclin that may be used for chronic persistant SIADH
demeclocycline
86
An electrolyte that is lost in the urine by acute treatment with loop diuretics but can be retained by thiazides
Calcium
87
An isomer of T3 which may be used in myxedema coma
Liothyronine (T3)
88
Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse
Nandrolone and stanozolol
89
Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
90
Anemia caused by trimethoprim
Megaloblastic anemia
91
Another pneumonic for anticholinergic toxicity
"dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"
92
Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females
Cyproterone acetate
93
Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer
Flutamide (Eulexin)
94
Anti-arrhythmic with <10 second duration of action
Adenosine
95
Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality
B-blockers
96
Anti-bacterials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients
Sulfonamides
97
Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist
Odansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron
98
Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer
Tamoxifen
99
Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Hydroxychloroquine
100
Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma
Levodopa
101
Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient
Mifepristone (RU-486)
102
Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation
Fluphenazine and haloperidol
103
Anti-psychotics shown not to cause tardive dyskinesia
Clozapine and quetiapine
104
Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis
Sulfasalazine
105
Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism
Phenytoin
106
Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida
Carbamazepine
107
Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)
Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin
108
Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin
Gabapentin
109
Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine
110
Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization
Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid
111
Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines
Valproic acid
112
Anti-thyroid drugs
Thioamides (methimazole, propylthiouracil), potassium iodide, radioactive iodine (131I)
113
Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome
Nevirapine, amprenavir
114
Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis
Didanosine
115
Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia
Amiodarone
116
Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties
Sotalol
117
Antibacterials for optimal treatment of acute pyelonephritis
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
118
Antibacterials for optimal treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis
Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin
119
Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention
Vancomycin, can be prevented by infusion at a slow rate and antihistamines
120
Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis
Cyclophosphamide
121
Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy
Heparin
122
Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism
Trazodone
123
Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Amoxapine
124
Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity
Maprotiline
125
Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure
Venlafaxine
126
Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake
Venlafaxine
127
Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure
Nefazodone
128
Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating
Mirtazapine
129
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
130
Antidote for arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning
Dimercaprol
131
Antidote for beta-blocker overdose and hypoglycemia
Glucagon
132
Antidote for digoxin toxicity
Digibind
133
Antidote for hyperkalemia
sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
134
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity
Leucovorin
135
Antidote for severe CV toxicity of theophylline
Beta blockers
136
Antidote for severe lead poisoning (with encephalopathy)
Dimercaprol AND CaEDTA (edetate calcium disodium)
137
Antidote for thrombolytics
Aminocaproic acid
138
Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase
Aminocaproic acid
139
Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)
Flumazenil
140
Antidote to reverse actions of heparin
Protamine sulfate
141
Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin
Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma
142
Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
143
Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning
Physostigmine
144
Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity
Flumazenil
145
Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)
Esmolol
146
Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning
100% O2 and hyperbaric O2
147
Antidote used for cyanide poisoning
Nitrites, sodium thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin (cyanokit)
148
Antidote used for digitalis toxicity
Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)
149
Antidote used for heparin toxicity
Protamine Sulfate
150
Antidote used for iron salt toxicity
Deferoxamine
151
Antidote used for lead poisoning (without encephalopathy)
Dimercaprol, Edetate calcium disodium, or succimer
152
Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity
Ethanol
153
Antidote used for opioid toxicity
Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)
154
Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning
Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)
155
Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
Sodium bicarbonate
156
Antidote used for warfarin toxicity
Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
157
Antidote used in Wilson's disease (copper poisoning)
Penicillamine
158
Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes
Magnesium sulfate
159
Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively
Clomiphene and tamoxifen
160
Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids
Ketoconazole
161
Antiglaucoma organophosphate, indicated but not used much clinically anymore due to long duration of action
Echothiophate
162
Antihistamine that is indicated for allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia
Diphenhydramine
163
Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin
Ticlopidine
164
Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor
Mifepristone
165
Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects
Haloperidol
166
Antipsychotics having the strongest autonomic effects
Chlorpromazine or Thioridazine
167
Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only
Older antipsychotics
168
Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible
Drug induced Parkinsonism
169
Antivirals associated with neutropenia
Ganciclovir, zidovudine, saquinavir, and interferon
170
Antivirals that are teratogens
Delavirdine, efavirenz, and ribavirin
171
Approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN
PGI2 (epoprostenol)
172
Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels
Minoxidil
173
Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by
Platelet aggregation inhibition
174
Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels
Risperidone
175
Available bisphosphonates
Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid
176
Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia
Thiopental
177
Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property
Liver enzyme INDUCTION
178
Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition
Acute intermittent porphyria
179
Barbiturates MOA
Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels
180
Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin all do this
Induce CYP450
181
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose
Flumazenil
182
Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia
Clonazepam
183
Benzodiazepine that is used for anesthesia
Midazolam
184
Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired)
Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam
185
Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia
Midazolam
186
Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin
Diazepam
187
Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder
Alprazolam and Clonazepam
188
Beta 1 agonist toxicity
Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias
189
Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF
Dobutamine and dopamine
190
Beta 2 agonist toxicity
Skeletal muscle tremor
191
Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus
Terbutaline
192
Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack
Classic
193
Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma
Pindolol and acebutolol
194
Beta blockers work in CHF by
Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)
195
Beta cells are found
Islets of Langerhans
196
Beta cells in the pancreas
Produce insulin
197
Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in
Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease
198
Biguanide
Metformin
199
Binds tubulin and prevents the disassembly of microtubules during the M phase of the cell cycle inducing mitotic arrest
Paclitaxel (taxol)
200
Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia
Etidronate
201
Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking
Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide
202
Block L-type calcium channel
Calcium channel blockers
203
Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis
Bleomycin
204
Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD
Ipratropium, tiotropium
205
Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism
Iodide salts (potassium iodide)
206
Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are
ACE inhibitors
207
Carbamate with intermediate action and used as off-label for postoperative paralytic ileus and urinary retention
Neostigmine
208
Carbamazepine may cause
Agranulocytosis
209
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Acetazolamide
210
Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers
Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol
211
Cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing
Organic nitrites
212
Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression
Steroids
213
Causes bone marrow suppression
Methotrexate
214
CCB are DOC for
Prinzmetal's angina
215
CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation
Nifedipine
216
Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates
Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime
217
Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB
Cefixime (2nd) and 3rd generation
218
Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media
Amoxicillin
219
Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity
Deferoxamine
220
Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease
Penicillamine
221
Cholestyramine and colestipol are
Bile acid-binding resins
222
Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction
Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine
223
Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to
Psychotic state, overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures
224
Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with
Midodrine
225
Cimetidine, ketoconazole, isoniazid, and grapefruit all do this
Inhibit CYP450
226
Class II antiarrhythmics are
B-blockers
227
Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes
Amiodarone
228
Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents
Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)
229
Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins
Cephalosporins
230
Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics
Sulfonamides
231
Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX
NSAIDS
232
Class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
233
Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx
"On-off-phenomenon"
234
Clinical use for H2 blockers
Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease
235
Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic CHF
Beta blockers
236
Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF
Labetalol and carvedilol
237
Common mechanism by which overdose result in death
Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers
238
Common SE of spironolactone
Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia
239
Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide
Hypoglycemia
240
Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene
Hot flashes
241
Common side effect of hypnotic agents
Sedation
242
Common side effect of Rifampin
Orange urine discoloration
243
Common toxicities of cisplatin
Nephro and ototoxicity
244
Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction
Cocaine
245
Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)
Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))
246
Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of
Rhabdomyolysis
247
Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)
Hypertensive crisis
248
Constant amount of drug metabolized per unit time
Zero order kinetics
249
Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)
Combination oral contraceptives (OC)
250
Constant percentage of drug metabolized per unit time
First order kinetics
251
Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number
Log-kill hypothesis
252
Contraindications to use of atropine
Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy
253
Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase
Testosterone
254
Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)
L-asparaginase
255
COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of
Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding
256
COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with
Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease
257
Cutaneous flush due to niacin can be reduced by pretreatment with
Aspirin
258
Cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence
Oxybutynin, dicyclomine
259
Decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol
Bile acid-binding resins
260
Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis
Niacin
261
Delta cells in the pancreas
Produce Somatostatin
262
Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase
263
Difference between COX1 and COX2
COX 1 is constitutive while COX 2 may be induced during inflammation, although COX 2 is constitutive in some tissues
264
Different steps of Phase I
Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
265
Digoxin is used in
Atrial fibrillation and CHF
266
Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by
Hypokalemia
267
Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle
Hydralazine
268
Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids
St. Anthony's Fire
269
Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3
Smooth muscle and mast cells; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively
270
Diuretic used as first line for treatment of hypertension
Thiazides
271
Diuretic used as prophylactic for mountain sickness and glaucoma
Acetazolamide
272
Diuretic used in hypertensive patients with renal failure
Loop diuretics (furosemide, ethacrynic acid, butmetanide)
273
Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors
Spironolactone
274
Diuretic used to reduce intracranial pressure
Mannitol
275
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
Spironolactone, eplerenone
276
Diuretics work in CHF by
Reducing preload
277
DMARDs are slow acting drugs for
Rheumatic disease
278
DOC for bipolar affective disorder
Lithium
279
DOC for CMV retinitis
Ganciclovir
280
DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias
Phenytoin
281
DOC for febrile seizures
Phenobarbital
282
DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas
Metronidazole
283
DOC for herpes and its MOA
Acyclovir; activates thymidine kinase
284
DOC for influenza A and B
Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
285
DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sarcoplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle
Dantrolene
286
DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics
Dantrolene
287
DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias
Lidocaine
288
DOC for N. gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
289
DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
Adenosine
290
DOC for RSV
Ribavirin
291
DOC for status epilepticus
Diazepam
292
Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia
Bromocriptine
293
Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population
LD50
294
Dose which is toxic in 50% of the population
TD50
295
Dose which produces therapeutic response in 50% of the poopulation
ED50
296
Drug causes teeth discoloration
Tetracycline
297
Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)
Capsaicin
298
Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium
Theophylline
299
Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis
Clindamycin
300
Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety
Buspirone
301
Drug of choice for Legionnaires' disease
Azithromycin (or macrolides)
302
Drug of choice for leprosy
Dapsone
303
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures
Valproic acid
304
Drug of choice for tx of pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole
305
Drug that causes contraction of the uterus
Oxytocin
306
Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia
Chloramphenicol
307
Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure
Fomepizole
308
Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2
Celecoxib
309
Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates
Allopurinol
310
Drug used for African sleeping sickness
Suramin
311
Drug used for MRSA
Vancomycin
312
Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms
Prednisone
313
Drug used in Chagas disease
Nifurtimox
314
Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene
Nitroprusside
315
Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria
Primaquine
316
Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Dantrolene
317
Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias
Digoxin
318
Drugs available in combination with metformin
Acroplus Met progutazone and metformin, Janumet and Janumet XR Sitagliptin and Metformin, Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone
319
Drugs of choice for absence seizures
Ethosuximide and valproic acid
320
Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures
Valproic acid, Phenytoin and Carbamazepine
321
Drugs of choice for status epilepticus
IV diazepam (or lorazapam) followed by phenytoin
322
Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms
Corticosteroids
323
Drugs that have a high margin of safety is indicated by
High therapeutic index
324
Drugs that have a narrow margin of safety is indicated by
Low therapeutic index
325
Drugs used in the management of angina
Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers
326
During Phase I these agents worsen the paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibitors
327
Effective in preventing TIA's
Clopidogrel and ticlopidine
328
Endogenous insulin
Normal C-peptide
329
Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis
Amantadine
330
Enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetate
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
331
Enzyme which theophylline inhibits
Phosphodiesterase
332
Epinephrine and dipivefrin are used for
Glaucoma
333
Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia
Bromocriptine
334
Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug
LSD
335
Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)
Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol
336
Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder
Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
337
Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)
Acarbose, miglitol
338
Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes
Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram
339
Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor
Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors
340
Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition
Diazepam
341
Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of
Lipoprotein lipase
342
Fibrates are contraindicated in
Pregnancy
343
First generation sulfonylurea
Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.
344
Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency
Methoxyflurane
345
For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal
Phentolamine
346
Four main actions of NSAIDS
Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity
347
GABA agonist in the spinal cord
Baclofen
348
Ganglion blockers that were indicated (but not anymore) for severe hypertension
Hexamethonium, trimethaphan
349
Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects
First generation due to being more lipid-soluble
350
GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent
Sermorelin
351
GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively
Leuprolide
352
GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility
Ganirelix
353
Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines
Zolpidem, zaleplon
354
H1 antagonist used in motion sickness
Dimenhydrinate and other 1st generation
355
H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist
Cyproheptadine
356
H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs
Cimetidine
357
Heparin (PTT) increases activity of
Antithrombin 3
358
HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism
Protease inhibitors
359
HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth
AZT (zidovudine)
360
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in
Pregnancy
361
Hormone inhibiting prolactin release
Dopamine
362
How drug or foods (grapefruit juice) increase statin effect
Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4
363
Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation
Glucagon
364
Important drug interaction with chloral hydrate
May displace coumadin from plasma proteins
365
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation
GLUT 4
366
Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver
GLUT 2
367
Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx.
Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)
368
Increased risk of developing cataracts
Quetiapine
369
Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
Edrophonium
370
Inhalant anesthetics
NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether
371
Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation
Isoflurane
372
Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis
Halothane
373
Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient
Nitrous oxide
374
Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants
Enflurane and halothane
375
Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents
Halothane and methoxyflurane
376
Inhaled anesthetics, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration
Nitrous oxide
377
Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
ACE inhibitors
378
Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons
Ascending pathways
379
Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma
Zafirlukast and montelukast
380
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase
Zileuton
381
Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed pt's
Selegiline
382
Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)
Entacapone and Tolcapone
383
Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis
Aminoglutethimide
384
Insecticide organophosphate
Malathion, parathion
385
Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP
Allopurinol
386
Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes
Hydroxychloroquine
387
Intermediate acting GC's
Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, oaramethasone, fluprednisone and triamcinolone
388
Inversely related to potency of anesthetics
Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)
389
Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor
Aspirin (or other salicylates)
390
IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic
Thiopental
391
IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis
Nitroprusside
392
LA causing methemoglobinemia
Prilocaine
393
Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid
Serum ammonia and LFT's
394
Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome
Abstinence syndrome
395
Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients
Aztreonam
396
Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to
Torsades de pointes
397
Limiting side effect of Quinidine
Prolongs QT interval
398
Lithium is associated with this congenital defect
Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation
399
Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery
Cocaine
400
Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma
Salmeterol
401
Long acting GC's
Betamethasone, dexamethasone, and paramethasone
402
Long acting insulin
Ultralente (humulin U)
403
Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis
Ephedrine
404
Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs
Chlordiazepoxide and Diazepam
405
Longer acting Beta 2 agonists is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma
Salmeterol
406
Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors
Tetracaine and bupivacaine
407
Losartan and valsartan block
AT1 receptors
408
Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines
Hepatic
409
Major drug interaction with Quinidine
Increases concentration of Digoxin
410
Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses
REM is decreased
411
Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist
Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction (allergic rhinitis, urticaria)
412
Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins
Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)
413
Major route of elimination for Lithium
Kidneys
414
Major SE of bisphosphonates
Chemical esophagitis
415
Major SE of zileuton
Liver toxicity
416
Major side effect of insulin
Hypoglycemia
417
MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition
Serotonin syndrome
418
May protect against doxorubicin cardio-toxicity by chelating iron
Dexrazoxane
419
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors
Steroid and hormones
420
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes ligand gated ion channels
Acetylcholine, nicotine
421
Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes transmembrane receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity
Insulin, EGF, TGFbeta, PDGF, ANP
422
Mechanism of action of amiloride
Inhibit epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
423
Mechanism of action of loop diuretics
inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter
424
Mechanism of action of macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin)
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of 23S rRNA of 50S ribosome subunit
425
Mechanism of action of spironolactone
Inhibit mineralocorticoid receptor and inhibit Na/K-ATPase and ENaC synthesis
426
Mechanism of action of tetracycline
Decreases protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosome and prevent binding of tRNA to A site
427
Mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics
Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport
428
Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
Sodium blockade
429
Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema
Bradykinin
430
Meglitinide
Repaglinide
431
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
Rifampin
432
Method to reduce salicylate intoxication
Alkalinize urine, dialysis
433
Methyldopa is contraindicated in
Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
434
Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication
Pentoxifylline
435
Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol
Disulfiram-like reaction
436
Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation
Vincristine
437
Mineralocorticoids
Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone
438
MOA action of cromolyn
Blocks opening of Cl channels to prevent mast cell degranulation
439
MOA and effect of nitric oxide
Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
440
MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates
GABA-related targets
441
MOA for Diazepines
increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening
442
MOA for Ethosuximide
Calcium channels
443
MOA for Valproic acid at high doses
Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels
444
MOA of AGI's
Act on intestine, delay absorption of glucose
445
MOA of aspirin
Irreversibly blocks COX1 and COX2
446
MOA of Bisphosphonates
Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption
447
MOA of both generations
Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels
448
MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)
Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase
449
MOA of cisplatin
Alkylating agent
450
MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics
Sodium channel blockers
451
MOA of class III antiarrhythmics
Potassium channel blockers
452
MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics
Calcium channel blockers
453
MOA of Colchicine (used in acute gout)
Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly
454
MOA of corticosteroids
Induce lipocortins to 1. inhibit phospholipase A2, 2. repress COX-2 gene and enzyme expression, 3. repress cytokines that activate COX-2
455
MOA of fluoroquinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV
456
MOA of general anesthetics
Unclear, thought to increase the threshold for firing of CNS neurons
457
MOA of gold salts
Alter activity of macrophages and suppress phagocytic activity of PMNs
458
MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)
Inhibiting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis
459
MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)
Block voltage-dependent sodium channels
460
MOA of lovastatin (STATIN)
inhibits HMG COA reductase
461
MOA of metformin
Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity
462
MOA of nateglinide
Stimulates rapid and transient release of of insulin through closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel
463
MOA of nitrates
Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles
464
MOA of NSAIDS
inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)
465
MOA of nystatin
Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
466
MOA of penicillin
Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase and block peptidoglycan cross-linkage
467
MOA of repaglinide
Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea
468
MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)
Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
469
MOA of sulfonamides
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
470
MOA of thiazolindinediones
Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism
471
MOA of thrombolytics
Lyse thrombi by catalyzing the formation of plasmin which binds fibrin
472
Moderate opioid agonists
Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
473
Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS
LFT's
474
MOPP regimen used in Hodgkin's disease (HD)
Mechlorethamine+ oncovorin (vincristine)+ procarbazine, and prednisone
475
Most common SE of fibrates
Nausea
476
Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines
Sedation, anticholinergic
477
Most commonly abused in health care professionals
Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl
478
Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic
PCP
479
Most frequent route of metabolism
Hepatic enzymes
480
Most important potential SE of metformin
Lactic acidosis
481
Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics
CNS toxicity
482
Most inhaled anesthetics SE
Decrease arterial blood pressure
483
Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression
Monamine oxidase inhibitors
484
Muscarinic antagonist used in COPD
Ipratropium, tiotropium
485
Muscarinic that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma
Pilocarpine
486
Muscarinic used to treat dry mouth in Sjogren's syndrome
Pilocarpine or Cevimeline
487
Name 3 Phase II conjugation reactions
Glucuronidation, acetylation, glutathione conjugation, glycine conjugation, sulfation, methylation, water conjugation
488
Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines
Anterograde amnesia
489
Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by
Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)
490
Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants
Norepinephrine and serotonin
491
Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma
Reduce aqueous synthesis
492
Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes
Olanzapine
493
Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation
Olanzapine and aripiprazole
494
Newer NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2
Celecoxib
495
Nitrate free intervals are needed due to
Tolerance
496
Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks
Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets
497
Nitrate used to prevent further attacks
Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin
498
Nitroprusside vasodilates
Arteries and veins
499
Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors
Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)
500
Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's
Pramipexole and ropinirole
