Pharm One-Liners Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)
A
Half-life (T1/2)
2
Q
Rifampin and CYP450
A
Inducer of CYP450
3
Q
Ability of drug to produce the maximal biologic effect
A
Efficacy
4
Q
Mechanism of action utilizes intracellular receptors
A
Steroid and hormones
5
Q
Mechanism of action utilizes transmembrane receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity
A
Insulin, EGF, TGFbeta, PDGF, ANP
6
Q
Antidote for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning
A
Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)
7
Q
Antidote acetaminophen poisoning
A
N-acetylcysteine
8
Q
Antidote used for heparin toxicity
A
Protamine Sulfate
Only for unfractionated heparin! Also, it only affects bleeding, and has no effect on HIT!
9
Q
Antidote used for warfarin toxicity
A
Vitamin K1 and fresh frozen plasma
10
Q
Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase
A
Aminocaproic acid
11
Q
Antidote for opioid toxicity
A
Naloxone (IV)
12
Q
Antidote for benzodiazepine toxicity
A
Flumazenil
13
Q
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity
A
Leucovorin
14
Q
This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
A
Bethanechol
15
Q
Toxicity of cholinergics
A
DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)
16
Q
Antimuscarinic that treats Parkinsonism and extrapyramidal disease
A
Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl
17
Q
Antimuscarinic for the treatment of motion sickness
A
Scopolamine
18
Q
Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia
A
Atropine, anti-muscarinics
19
Q
Antimuscarinic that causes bronchodilation in asthma and COPD
A
Ipratropium, tiotropium
20
Q
Its ability to vasoconstrict and increase blood pressure makes it useful as local decongestant and for the therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure)
A
Alpha 1 agonists
21
Q
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity
A
Hypertension
22
Q
Selective alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension
A
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
23
Q
Alpha 1a-selective blocker used for benign prostatic hyperplasia
A
Tamsulosin
24
Q
Side effect of alpha blockers
A
Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia
25
Selective beta 1 receptor blockers useful for treating cardiac conditions in patients with asthma
Acebutolol, betaxolol, esmolo, atenolol, metoprolol (A BEAM)
26
Non-selective beta blocker that lacks local anesthetic activity, indicated for glaucoma
Timolol
27
Side effects of beta blockers
Bradycardia, AV block, impotence, dyslipidemia, exacerbation of COPD
28
Beta blockers' effect on the heart in antianginal therapy
Reduce heart rate, blood pressure, contractility, and increase end-diastolic volume
29
Captopril and enalapril (-PRIL ending) are
ACE inhibitors
30
Side effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Dry cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema
31
Inactivated by angiotensin converting enzyme, contributes to dry cough and angioedema
Bradykinin
32
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are contraindicated in
Pregnancy, hyperkalemia
33
Mechanism of action of losartan and valsartan
Block AT1 receptors
34
Side effect associated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors but not angiotensin receptor blockers
Dry cough
35
Calcium channel blockers with predominate effect on arteriole dilation
Nifedipine, amlodipine, nimodipine (dihydropyridines)
36
Calcium channel blockers with predominant effect on the heart
Verapamil, diltiazem (non-dihydropyridines)
37
Side effects of calcium channel blockers
Constipation, peripheral edema, cardiac depression, AV block
38
Alpha 2 agonist used in pregnant women with hypertension
Methyldopa
39
Methyldopa is contraindicated in
Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
40
Side effect of hydralazine
Lupus-like syndrome
41
MOA and effect of nitric oxide
Stimulates cGMP, leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
42
Mechanism of action of sildenafil
Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
43
Mechanism of action of organic nitrates
Requires enzymatic release of NO, relaxes vascular smooth muscle of veins
44
Mechanism of action of class I antiarrhythmics
Sodium channel blockers
45
Mechanism of action of class III antiarrhythmics
Potassium channel blockers
46
Limiting side effect of class Ia and III antiarrhythmics
Prolongs QT interval
47
Most common side effects of quinidine that limits its use
Cinchonism
48
Side effect of procainamide
Systemic lupus-like syndrome
49
Drug of choice for management of acute ventricular tachycardia
Amiodarone
50
Side effects of Amiodarone
Thyroid dysfunction, corneal deposits, liver damage and pulmonary fibrosis
51
Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to
Torsades de pointes
52
Mechanism of action of statins
inhibits HMG COA reductase
53
Two side effects of HMG COA reductase inhibitors
Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity
54
Two parameters to obtain before initiation of statins
LFT's, creatine kinase
55
How grapefruit juice increases statin effect
Inhibit CYP450 3A4
56
Fibrates increase activity of
Lipoprotein lipase
57
Mechanism of action involves indirect reduction of liver triglyceride synthesis
Niacin, fibrates
58
Side effects of niacin
Cutaneous flush
59
Side effect of aspirin
GI bleeding
60
Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant with zero-order kinetics of elimination
Warfarin (PT)
61
Heparin (PTT) increases activity of
Antithrombin 3
62
Specific side effect of heparin
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
63
Mechanism of action of thrombolytics
Lyse thrombi by catalyzing the formation of plasmin which cleaves fibrin
64
Indications for thrombolytics
Pulmonary embolism, severe deep vein thrombosis
65
Diuretic used as prophylactic for mountain sickness and glaucoma
Acetazolamide
66
Side effects of acetazolamide
Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (precipitate Ca salts), hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment
67
Site of action of loop diuretics
Thick ascending limb
68
Side effects of loop diuretics
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and ototoxicity
69
An electrolyte that is lost in the urine by acute treatment with loop diuretics but can be retained by thiazides
Calcium
70
Site of action of thiazide diuretics
Early distal convoluted tubule
71
Side effects of thiazide diuretics
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia
72
Mechanism of action of amiloride
Inhibit epithelial sodium channels in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
73
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
Spironolactone, eplerenone
74
Side effect of spironolactone
Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence
75
Diuretic used to reduce intracranial pressure
Mannitol
76
Antidiuretic hormone analog used for central diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis
Desmopressin
77
Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic drug of choice for otitis media
Amoxicillin
78
Drug of choice for N. gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
79
Drug used for MRSA
Vancomycin
80
Mechanism of action of vancomycin
Binds D-Ala-D-Ala on murein monomers and prevent polymerization of the murein monomers
81
Drug of choice for giardia, entamoeba, pseudomembranous colitis (C. Diff.), and trichomonas
Metronidazole
82
Drug of choice for treatment of mild to moderate pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole
83
Mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV
84
Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy
Cartilage damage
85
Anemia caused by trimethoprim
Megaloblastic anemia
86
Anti-bacterials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients
Sulfonamides
87
Mechanism of action of sulfonamides
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
88
Quadruple therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol
89
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
Rifampin
90
Common side effect of Rifampin
Orange urine discoloration
91
Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it
Scotch tape technique and mebendazole (albendazole)
92
Drug of choice for influenza A and B
Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
93
Drug of choice for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Ribavirin
94
Drug of choice for herpes and its mechanism of action
Acyclovir; activated by viral thymidine kinase, inhibits viral DNA replication
95
Anti-retroviral class that causes drug interactions by causing inhibition of CYP enzymes
Protease inhibitors
96
Prostaglandins that cause abortions
Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol), PGE2, and PGF2alpha
97
Prostaglandin analog used as 2nd line for erectile dysfunction
Alprostadil (PGE1)
98
Prostaglandin analog used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis
Alprostadil (PGE1)
99
NSAID that may be used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
Indomethacin
100
Two main actions of acetaminophen
Antipyretic and analgesic activity
101
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase
Zileuton
102
Agent that inhibits xanthine oxidases and used to treat chronic gout
Allopurinol, febuxostat
103
DMARDs are slow acting drugs for this indication
Rheumatic diseases
104
1st line for rheumatoic arthritis for most patients
Low-dose methotrexate
105
Dose-limiting toxicity of methotrexate
Myelosuppression
106
Drug for treating malignant hyperthermia associated with drug-drug interaction between halogenated anesthetics and depolarizing blocker
Dantrolene
107
Mechanism of action of cromolyn
Prevent mast cell degranulation (by blocking opening of Cl- channels)
108
Ergot dopamine agonist used to suppress prolactin release
Bromocriptine
109
Synthetic human corticotropin used for diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
Cosyntropin
110
Agent used to stimulate uterine contraction and labor, milk letdowns, and control postpartum bleeding
Oxytocin
111
Agent of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine (T4)
112
Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and indicated for pregnant women in 1st trimester
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
113
Propylthiouracil (PTU) mechanism of action
Inhibits thyroid peroxidase
114
Side effects of corticosteroids
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, hyperglycemia, impaired wound healing, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, myopathy, adrenal suppression (> 2 week treatment)
115
Intermediate-acting insulin with variable pharmacokinetics; use is mostly replaced by long-acting insulin
Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin
116
First line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Metformin
117
Most serious side effect of metformin
Lactic acidosis
118
May be used intranasally to decreases bone resorption
Calcitonin (salmon prep)
119
Selective estrogen receptor modulator most commonly used for the treatment of breast cancer
Tamoxifen
120
Selective estrogen receptor modulator used for prevention of osteoporosis and invasive breast cancer
Raloxifene
121
Androgen receptor agonist used to treat hypogonadism and promote secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
122
Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3
Smooth muscle and mast cells; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively
123
1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating
Diphendydramine
124
Three 2nd generation antihistamines
Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine
125
H2 antagonist that causes the most interactions with other drugs
Cimetidine
126
5HT-1A receptor partial agonist indicated for generalized anxiety disorder; due to longer onset of action, is less effective for acute anxiety
Buspirone
127
5HT-1D/1B agonist used for migraine headaches
Sumatriptan and -triptans
128
H1 antihistamine with 5HT2 antagonist activity that is mostly used for carcinoid tumor but may be used to treat serotonin syndrome
Cyproheptadine
129
5HT-3 antagonist used for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Ondansetron and -setrons
130
Three beta blockers that decrease aqueous production
Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective), carteolol (nonselective)
131
Prostaglandin 2 alpha analog used to increase aqueous humor outflow
Latanoprost
132
Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines
Increase frequency of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel (GABAA) opening
133
Mechanism of action of barbiturates
Increase duration of GABAA chloride channel opening
134
Three nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics that lack suppressive effect on REM and are preferred over benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia
Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone
135
Drug of choice for treatment of acute status epilepticus
Diazepam, lorazepam
136
Drug of choice for partial seizures
Carbamazepine
137
Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid
138
Antiepileptic agent that exhibits zero-order kinetics, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and induces CYP450
Phenytoin
139
Side effects of phenytoin
Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
140
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures that may also be used for absence seizures
Valproic acid
141
Drug of choice for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
142
Antiepileptic drug used also for pain of neuropathic orgin
Gabapentin
143
Mechanism of action of opioids on analgesia
Activate mu receptors to 1. close presynaptic Ca2+ channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release, 2. open postsynaptic K+ channels to hyperpolarize cell membrane
144
Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except
Miosis, constipation
145
Opioid that can be given PO, IV, IM, and intrathecal to relieve anxiety associated with pulmonary edema
Morphine
146
Opioid available trans-dermally
Fentanyl
147
Long-acting opioids used in the management of withdrawal states
Methadone, buprenorphine
148
Moderate opioid agonists
Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
149
Opioid antagonist that is given IV
Naloxone
150
Opioid antagonist that is given orally
Naltrexone
151
Rare, but fatal side effect associated with combination of halogenated inhalation anesthetic and depolarizing blocker
Malignant hyperthermia
152
Opioid safe for use of analgesia and anesthesia during cardiac surgery
Fentanyl
153
Produces dissociative anesthesia but has significant analgesic activity
Ketamine
154
Precursor of dopamine that can cross the blood-brain-barrier and used to alleviate motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Levodopa (L-dopa)
155
Inhibits peripheral DOPA decarboxylase, reduces peripheral side effects of dopamine precursor and enhances its delivery to the brain
Carbidopa
156
Inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B), used as monotherapy for early or mild Parkinson's disease or adjunct to improve motor function in patients with fluctuations in clinical response
Selegiline
157
Three main classes of CNS depressant drugs of abuse
Alcohol, opioid, barbiturate/benzodiazepine
158
Agent that is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase or microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) to acetaldehyde; displays zero-order kinetics of elimination
Ethanol
159
Enzyme that is induced through chronic exposure to alcohol, may contribute to tolerance
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
160
Neurological abnormality caused by chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
161
Respiratory and CNS depression, pinpoint pupils, seizures, and needle track marks are symptoms of this intoxication
Opioid
162
Opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat opioid intoxication, may cause more rapid and intense symptoms of withdrawal
Naloxone
163
Two date rape drugs that work through enhancement of GABA receptors in the brain
Flunitrazepam, GHB (γ-hydroxybutyrate)
164
Benzodiazepine antagonist used to treat benzodiazepine intoxication
Flumazenil
165
Treatments available for nicotine addiction
Patch, gum, lozenge, bupropion, varenicline
166
Synthetic ergot derivative that can produce perceptual hallucinations and used as an illicit drug; may cause paranoia
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
167
Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); side effects include impairment of judgment, altered sense of time, increased appetite, and hallucinations
Marijuana
168
Primary mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics
Inhibits D2 receptors
169
Common endocrine side effects of all typical antipsychotic drugs
Hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea
170
Common side effects of low potency typical antipsychotic drugs
Dry mouth (anticholinergic), sedation (antihistamine), hypotension (α1 block)
171
Side effects more commonly associated with high potency typical antipsychotic drugs
Dystonia, akathisia, bradykinesia, tardive dyskinesia (extrapyramidal symptoms)
172
Life-threatening side effect associated with typical antipsychotic drugs
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
173
Treatment for drug-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Dantrolene
174
Primary mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics
Inhibit 5-HT2 receptors
175
Atypical antipsychotic that can produce potentially fatal agranulocytosis and increase incidence of seizures
Clozapine
176
Three life-threatining side effects associated with tricyclic antidepressants
Convulsion, cardiotoxicity, coma (3 C's)
177
Serious side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors when used with other drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or tricyclic antidepressants
Serotonin Syndrome
178
Antidepressant that non-selectively inhibits neuronal reuptake; less likely to cause sedation, autonomic, cardiovascular, or sexual dysfunction; also used for smoking cessation
Bupropion
179
Antidepressant that inhibits serotonin reuptake but also antagonizes 5HT-2 receptors; causes priapism
Trazodone
180
First line drug for classic bipolar disorder with euphoric mania
Lithium
181
Side effects of lithium
Tremor, hypothyroidism, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, fetal cardiac defects
So be sure to monitor creatinine and thyroid function tests
182
Antineoplastic folic acid analog that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Methotrexate
183
Two antineoplastics that require dose-reduction in patients who are taking allopurinol
Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine
184
Hyperstabilizes microtubule polymer and prevents microtubule breakdown
Paclitaxel, -taxels
185
Nitrosureas that spontaneously form active intermediates that cross-link DNA; can cross blood-brain-barrier and is indicated for brain tumors
Carmustine, -mustines, streptozocin
186
Iron-chelator that is used to protect against anthracycline-induced cardio-toxicity
Dexrazoxane
187
DNA intercalating agent with minimal myelosuppression that induces formation of free radicals; dose-limiting side effects include pulmonary fibrosis and mucocutaneous reactions
Bleomycin
188
Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does not reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy
Folic acid
189
Agent used for pernicious anemia
Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
190
Agent used for anemias (especially with renal failure)
Erythropoietin
191
Phenytoin and CYP450
Inducer of CYP450
192
St.johns wort and CYP450
Inducer of CYP450
193
Carbamazepine and CYP450
Inducer of CYP450
194
Phenobarbital and CYP450
Inducer of CYP450
195
Macrolides and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
196
Ketoconazole and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
197
Ritonavir (protease inhibitor) and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
198
Cimetidine and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
199
Grapefruit juice and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
200
Quinidine and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
201
Amiodarone and CYP450
Inhibitor of CYP450
202
3 oral ABXs for MRSA
Doxycycline
Clindamycin
TMP SMX
