PHARM STYUDYGIUDE Flashcards
(55 cards)
Bronchodilators Mechanism of short acting bronchodilators and long acting dilators
Short acting bronchodilators (albuterol PO, MDI) These medications are beta-2 adrenergic agonists that relax the smooth muscles in the airways, leading to bronchodilation. They provide quick relief of acute bronchoconstriction, helps with acute asthma, and be careful of dose related adverse effects ONSET FOR WHEEZING
Long-acting bronchodilators (e.g., salmeterol): These also act on beta-2 adrenergic receptors but have a longer duration of action (12 hours or more), used for long-term control of asthma or COPD. They help to prevent bronchoconstriction over time. (it is inhaled and is an inhaled corticosteroid) FOR PREVENTING
Proper inhaler use bronchodilators
Shake inhaler before use
Stand or sit upright and exhale fully.
Place the mouthpiece in the mouth, seal lips around it, and press down to release the medication.
Breathe in deeply and slowly, hold the breath for 10 seconds, and exhale slowly. rmb hold breath for 10 seconds
Use a spacer to improve inhalation and reduce side effects (especially in children or elderly).
Common Side Effects of bronchodilators
Insomnia
restlessness
headache
tremors
cardiac stimulation (heart rate)
hyperglycemia
anorexia
Types of bronchodilators
Beta androgenic agonist
anticholinergics
Xanthine derivatives
Nonbronchodilating Respiratory Drugs
LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR
ANTAGONISTS (LTRAS)
CORTICOSTEROIDS
MAST CELL STABILIZERS
Leukotriene Modifiers
its role in asthma management
Administration timing
Side effects
Contraindications
Leukotriene modifiers (for prevention) are a class of medications used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis by reducing the effects of leukotrienes, chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and swelling
Role in Asthma Management:
Leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast, zafirlukast THINK LUKAST) block the action of leukotrienes, which are chemicals that cause inflammation and bronchoconstriction in asthma.
Administration Timing:
Typically taken in the evening, only once a day as leukotriene activity peaks at night and asthma symptoms often worsen at night.
Side Effects:
Common side effects include Headaches, abdominal pain, and dizziness, nausea, diarrhea. Contraindications, LIVER FAILURE. think LL Leukotriene modifiers contraindicate liver failure
- Inhaled Corticosteroids
- Prevention of oral candidiasis
- Long-term management vs. acute attacks.
Inhaled Corticosteroids: used for persistent asthma
(examples include beclomethasone, dexamethasone, fluticasone) think asone)
Prevention of Oral Candidiasis:
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water after using an inhaler to prevent the development of oral thrush (candidiasis), a common side effect of inhaled steroids.
Long-Term Management vs. Acute Attacks:
Long-Term Management: Inhaled corticosteroids are used as a first-line treatment for long-term asthma control, reducing inflammation and preventing exacerbations.
Acute Attacks: They are not used for immediate relief during an asthma attack. Short-acting bronchodilators are preferred for acute symptoms.
Iron Supplementation
- Medications:
- Ferrous sulfate: when to take, what to take with
- Expected side effects
Ferrous Sulfate: (USE A STRAW TO PREVENT TEETCH STAINING)
Best taken on an empty stomach for better absorption. However, if it causes stomach upset, it can be taken with food.
Vitamin C (orange juice) enhances absorption, while calcium, antacids, and coffee/tea can inhibit absorption.
Constipation, Dark Stools, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. Iron overdose can lead to toxicity, especially in children.
encourage fluid drinking
Administer iron if anemia
contraindications: liver disease: culcerative colis, peptic ulcer disease
- Dietary Iron:
- Foods rich in iron
- Avoid taking iron with what?
Foods Rich in Iron:
Red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, lentils, tofu, spinach, and fortified cereals. dark greens spinach, brussel sprouts,
Avoid Taking Iron with:
Dairy products, calcium supplements, antacids, or high-fiber foods, as these can decrease the absorption of iron.
IRON
- Safety Measures:
- Handling overdose in children
Handling Overdose in Children:
Iron overdose is dangerous, leading to potential organ failure or death. If suspected, seek emergency medical help immediately. Activated charcoal may be used to absorb excess iron, and deferoxamine may be given as an antidote.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Potassium:
- Hypokalemia: and treatment
- Hyperkalemia: priority interventions
Potassium:
Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels. Symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, arrhythmias, and constipation.
Treatment: Potassium supplementation, either orally or intravenously, depending on the severity.
Hyperkalemia: High potassium levels. Symptoms include muscle weakness, irregular heart rhythms, and tingling sensations.
Priority Interventions: Administer medications like sodium bicarbonate( adverse effects include metabollic alkolosis effects, and water retention) or Calcium Gluconate to stabilize the heart. Discontinue potassium-sparing medications and use diuretics to lower potassium levels.
- Magnesium:
- Monitoring during IV administration for adverse effects
Monitoring During IV Administration:
Slow infusion is required to prevent adverse effects such as hypotension, respiratory depression, or cardiac arrhythmias. Serum magnesium levels should be monitored closely during administration.
Gastrointestinal Medications
- Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Risks of long-term use
- Gastrointestinal Medications
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs):
Risks of Long-Term Use:
Long-term use of PPIs can increase the risk of osteoporosis, pneumonia, kidney disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, and gastric infections (e.g., Clostridium difficile of Intestines into diarrhea)
ANYTHING AZOLE ASSHOLE
- Antacids:
- Differentiating types
- adverse effect of sodium bicarbonate
Antacids:
Differentiating Types:
Aluminum-based antacids (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) may cause constipation.
Magnesium-based antacids (e.g., magnesium hydroxide) may cause diarrhea.
Calcium-based antacids (e.g., calcium carbonate) can cause constipation but are less likely to affect kidney function.
Adverse Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate:
It may lead to systemic alkalosis and cause fluid retention, making it unsuitable for people with hypertension or heart failure.
Blood and Transfusions
- Transfusion Reactions
- Blood Products: Indications for fresh frozen plasma vs. packed red blood cells.
- Blood and Transfusions
Transfusion Reactions:
Transfusion reactions can include fever, allergic reactions, hemolysis, or even anaphylaxis. Close monitoring for any signs of reaction (e.g., chills, rash, or pain) is essential during and after a transfusion.
Blood Products:
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP): Indicated for clotting factor deficiencies (e.g., in bleeding disorders or liver disease).
Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs): Used for anemia or significant blood loss to restore oxygen-carrying capacity.
General Pharmacology Principles
- Recognizing side effects of antihistamines
- Benefits and risks of oral vs. nasal decongestants.
- General Pharmacology Principles
Recognizing Side Effects of Antihistamines:
Common side effects include dry mouth, dizziness, and sedation. First-generation antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) are more sedating than second-generation ones (e.g., loratadine,cetirzine, dexofenadine)
Benefits and Risks of Oral vs. Nasal Decongestants:
Oral Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine) have a longer duration of action but may cause systemic side effects like increased blood pressure.
Nasal Decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline) work faster but can cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa) if used for more than 3-4 days.
Special Populations and Nutritional Support
- Vitamin Deficiencies:
- Vitamin D: signs of toxicity
- Vitamin A: signs of deficiency
- Special Populations and Nutritional Support
Vitamin Deficiencies:
Vitamin D: Toxicity can cause hypercalcemia, leading to nausea, weakness, and kidney damage.
Vitamin A: Deficiency may lead to night blindness, dry skin, and increased susceptibility to infections.
Newborn Care:
Vitamin K is administered to newborns to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), which can cause serious bleeding in the first days of life.
Patient Education
- Techniques to improve adherence
- Patient Education
Techniques to Improve Adherence:
Use medication reminders (e.g., apps or pillboxes).
Simplify the medication regimen (e.g., once-daily dosing).
Educate patients about the importance of adherence for long-term health.
Address any side effects and provide strategies to manage them.
how To treat inflammation in the lungs
Use corticosteroids, after using corticosteroids inflammation will decrease resulting.
Adverse effects of Magnesium
Tendon reflex loss
CNS depression
Respiratory distress
Heart block
Hypothermia
If a patient takes pantoprazole and has diarrhea
call a doctor to take a culture
After taking antacids
drink lots of water
do not take with other medications
vitamin d adverse effects
muscle weakness, hypertension, BONE PAIN, METALLIC TASTE, headache, abdominal cramps
antihistamine (anaphylaxis, Histamine 1, Histamine 2)
Contraindications
used for runny nose(BENADRYL) S/E include dry mouth, dizziness, sedation
Anti histamines are antihistamic, anticholinergic, and Sedative
Antihistamine contraindications: narrow angle glaucoma, asthma, copd, htn, bpn
Antihistamines anticholinergic effects: changes in vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia
Client teaching: RICH BRIAN DONT DRIVE NIGGA, no alc or cns depressants, take with meals
