pharma 1 30 muuta rp

Question 1

Phenytoin

Answer 1

Pharmacological class: Anticonvulsant (Hydantoin)
Mechanism of action in detail: Stabilizes neuronal membranes and reduces the spread of
abnormal electrical activity in the brain by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels.
Therapeutic indications: Epilepsy, seizure prevention.
Methods of administration: Oral, intravenous.

Question 2

31. Phenytoin - Rp

Answer 2

Diagnose: Seizure Control
Rp/ Phenytoin 100 mg
No XXX capsules
D.S. Take 1 capsule 2-3 times daily for epilepsy management

Question 3

Carbamazepine

Answer 3

Pharmacological class: Anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer
Mechanism of action in detail: Stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting sodium channels
and suppressing repetitive neuronal firing, preventing seizures and stabilizing mood.
Therapeutic indications: Epilepsy, bipolar disorder, trigeminal neuralgia.
Methods of administration: Oral.

Question 4

32. Carbamazepine - Rp

Answer 4

Prescription:
Diagnose: Epilepsy
Rp/ Carbamazepine 200 mg
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet twice daily for seizure control.

Question 5

Valproic acid

Answer 5

Pharmacological class: Anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer
Mechanism of action in detail: Increases GABA levels in the brain and inhibits voltagegated
sodium channels, helping to prevent seizures and stabilize mood.
Therapeutic indications: Epilepsy, bipolar disorder, migraine prophylaxis.
Methods of administration: Oral

Question 6

33. Valproic acid - Rp

Answer 6

Prescription:
Diagnose: Bipolar Disorder
Rp/ Valproic acid 500 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet in the evening for mood stabilization

Question 7

Levodopa + Carbidopa

Answer 7

Pharmacological class: Dopamine precursor, dopaminergic agent
Mechanism of action in detail: Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, while
carbidopa inhibits its peripheral metabolism, allowing more levodopa to reach the brain.
Therapeutic indications: Parkinson’s disease.
Methods of administration: Oral.

Question 8

37. Levodopa + Carbidopa - Rp

Answer 8

Prescription:
Diagnose: Parkinson’s Disease
Rp/ Levodopa + Carbidopa 200 mg/50 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet 3 times daily for Parkinson’s disease managemen

Question 9

Pethidine

Answer 9

Pharmacological class: Opioid analgesic
Mechanism of action in detail: Binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system,
inhibiting pain transmission and inducing analgesia.
Therapeutic indications: Moderate to severe pain, labor pain, postoperative pain.
Methods of administration: Oral, intramuscular, intravenous.

Question 10

42. Pethidine - Rp

Answer 10

Diagnose: Postoperative Pain
Rp/ Pethidine 50 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet every 4 hours for pain relief.

Question 11

Fentanyl

Answer 11

Pharmacological class: Opioid analgesic
Mechanism of action in detail: Binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, leading
to analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression.
Therapeutic indications: Severe pain, cancer pain, acute pain management.
Methods of administration: Transdermal, intravenous, transmucosal

Question 12

43. Fentanyl - Rp

Answer 12

Diagnose: Cancer Pain
Rp/ Fentanyl 50 mcg/hour transdermal patch
No XXX patches
D.S. Apply 1 patch every 72 hours for pain relief.

Question 13

Tramadol

Answer 13

Pharmacological class: Opioid analgesic
Mechanism of action in detail: Binds to opioid receptors and inhibits the reuptake of
norepinephrine and serotonin, producing analgesic effects.
Therapeutic indications: Moderate pain, chronic pain management.
Methods of administration: Oral, intravenous

Question 14

44. Tramadol - Rp

Answer 14

Prescription:
Diagnose: Chronic Pain
Rp/ Tramadol 50 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet every 4-6 hours for pain relief.

Question 15

Codeine + Paracetamo

Answer 15

Pharmacological class: Opioid analgesic + non-opioid analgesic
Mechanism of action in detail: Codeine binds to opioid receptors to relieve pain, while
paracetamol inhibits prostaglandin synthesis to reduce pain and inflammation.
Therapeutic indications: Mild to moderate pain, headache, musculoskeletal pain.
Methods of administration: Oral

Question 16

45. Codeine + Paracetamol - Rp

Answer 16

Prescription:
Diagnose: Mild Pain
Rp/ Codeine + Paracetamol 30 mg/500 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet every 4-6 hours for pain relief

Question 17

Prednisone

Answer 17

Pharmacological class: Corticosteroid
Mechanism of action in detail: Suppresses inflammation by inhibiting the release of
arachidonic acid and prostaglandins, and by suppressing immune responses.
Therapeutic indications: Inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, allergic reactions.
Methods of administration: Oral.

Question 18

47. Prednisone - Rp

Answer 18

Prescription:
Diagnose: Inflammatory Disorder
Rp/ Prednisone 10 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet daily for inflammation control.

Question 19

Dexamethasone

Answer 19

Pharmacological class: Corticosteroid
Mechanism of action in detail: Potent anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the release of
cytokines and inflammatory mediators.
Therapeutic indications: Inflammation, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, cerebral
edema.
Methods of administration: Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

Question 20

49. Dexamethasone - Rp

Answer 20

Prescription:
Diagnose: Inflammatory Condition
Rp/ Dexamethasone 4 mg tablets
No XXX tablets
D.S. Take 1 tablet twice daily for inflammation management.

Question 21

Fluticasone

Answer 21

Pharmacological class: Corticosteroid
Mechanism of action in detail: Inhaled corticosteroid that reduces inflammation in the
airways, improving breathing in conditions such as asthma and COPD.
Therapeutic indications: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Methods of administration: Inhalation.

Question 22

50. Fluticasone - Rp

Answer 22

Prescription:
Diagnose: Asthma
Rp/ Fluticasone 50 mcg inhaler
No XXX inhalers
D.S. Inhale 1 puff twice daily for asthma control.

Question 23

Insulin lispro

Answer 23

Pharmacological class: Rapid-acting insulin
Mechanism of action in detail: Insulin lispro binds to insulin receptors to facilitate glucose
uptake and utilization by cells, lowering blood glucose levels.
Therapeutic indications: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods of administration: Subcutaneous injection

Question 24

52. Insulin lispro - Rp

Answer 24

Prescription:
Diagnose: Type 1 Diabetes
Rp/ Insulin lispro 100 units/ml vial
No XXX vials
D.S. Inject 10 units subcutaneously before meals for blood sugar control.

Question 25

insulin glargine

Answer 25

Pharmacological class: Long-acting insulin Mechanism of action in detail: Insulin glargine forms microprecipitates after subcutaneous injection, releasing insulin slowly over 24 hours, providing basal insulin coverage. Therapeutic indications: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus for basal insulin control. Methods of administration: Subcutaneous injection

Question 26

53. Insulin glargine - Rp

Answer 26

Prescription: Diagnose: Type 2 Diabetes Rp/ Insulin glargine 100 units/ml vial No XXX vials D.S. Inject 20 units subcutaneously at bedtime for basal insulin control

Question 27

Gliclazide

Answer 27

Pharmacological class: Sulfonylurea antidiabetic Mechanism of action in detail: Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, increasing insulin levels and lowering blood glucose levels. Therapeutic indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods of administration: Oral

Question 28

54. Gliclazide - Rp

Answer 28

Prescription: Diagnose: Type 2 Diabetes Rp/ Gliclazide 80 mg tablets No XXX tablets D.S. Take 1 tablet daily with breakfast.

Question 29

Metformin

Answer 29

Pharmacological class: Biguanide antidiabetic Mechanism of action in detail: Increases insulin sensitivity, reduces hepatic glucose production, and enhances peripheral glucose uptake. Therapeutic indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods of administration: Oral

Question 30

55. Metformin - Rp

Answer 30

Prescription: Diagnose: Type 2 Diabetes Rp/ Metformin 500 mg tablets No XXX tablets D.S. Take 1 tablet twice daily with meals