pharma lecture.5 vm

Question 1

what are sulphonamides and what can we use it in conjunction with

Answer 1

Sulfonamides: suamethoxazole (SMX), Sulfisoxazole and sulfadiazine

• Given with trimethoprim to treat bacterium, blocks THF synthesis
• Sulfadiazine is a cream for burns to prevent infections
• Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine also used to treat proxomyosis blocks THF synthesis and is used in HIV.

Question 2

what are the side effects of sulphonamides

Answer 2

Side effects: allergies, anaphylaxis, serum sickness, steven jonson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (peeling of the skin layers) these are the side effect of the drugs that have sulpha the patient can develop UTI, haemolytic anemia, low thrombocytes. Photosensitivity so make sure sun cream is worn, hemolysis in gG6PD deficient patients.

Question 3

sulfomamindes mechanism

Answer 3

Sulfonamides can bind to albumin and can displace bilirubin and warfarin. It inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, TMP-SMX combination for treatment of simple UTI
We can have kernicterus in infants as we have an increase in free bilirubin levels which causes permenant neurological problems. This is due to sulfomamides
Side effects: hypersensitivity reaction

Question 4

trimethoprim and pymethamine functions and what it can be used in conjunction with

Answer 4

Trimethoprim/ pyrimethamine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
Trimethoprim is given with dapsome  to prevent pneumonia
Pyrimethamine is combined with sulfadiazine for toxoplasma treatment and proxomyosis.

Question 5

trimethoprim and pymethamine side effects
and what can trimethoprim be used in conjunction with

Answer 5

They inhibit DNA synthesis, cause bone marrow suppression and can lleviate with leucovorin.
They cause a decreased neutrophil count, penecytopenia
Trimethoprim: used in combination with sulfonamides for UTI, shingella, salmonella but I can cause hypercalcemia, megoblastic anemia

Question 6

what is nitrofurantoin used for and the mechanism

Answer 6

Nitrofuranotoin: rarely used by only use is UTI for pregnancy and it can trigger haemolysis in g6PD patients. It inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, effects are nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea and complications of therapy are pulmonary fibrosis, neuropathy and autoimmune hempatitis.

Question 7

dapsone function

Answer 7

Dapsone is not a sulphonamide and it competes with PABA: used to treat mycobacterium leprosy but its side effects are haemolysis in G6PD deficient and methemoglobinemia.
For leprosy we can also combine rifampin and in celiac disease it is used to treat dermatitis pertiformis all in combination with TMP for treatment.

Question 8

what do fluroqunimomas do

Answer 8

they can block cytochrome 5-450 which then causes toxicity.

Question 9

side effects of quinommas

Answer 9

SIDE EFFECTS of quinolones: gastrointestinal upset and neurological side effects e.g headache and dizziness.
These drugs can block the calcium channels in the heart and cause QT prolongation, tendon rupture and we can NOT use it in pregnancy and in children under 18 as it can effect the growth of the tendons (specifically the cartilage ) in children