Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards by Mikee Cabuco

A subgroup; outer energy level (incomplete)

Representative Elements

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D-orbital

Partially filled starting at IIIB to IIB

Transition Elements

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Partially filled F-orbitals

Lanthanides and Actinides/Inner Transition Elements

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Completely filled

S and P orbitals, very stable

Noble Gases/ Inert Gases/ Rare Gases

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O or VIIIA

Inert Gases

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Alkali Metals

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VIIA

Halogens

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Coinage Metals

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IIA

Alkaline Earth Metals

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IIB

Volatile Metals

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VIA

Chalcogene

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Act either as an acid or as a base depending on the chemical reaction

Amphoteric Character

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1st member of the family can be quite unlike the other members; it more closely resembles the 2nd member of the adjacent group to the right

Diagonal relationship or Bridge Elements

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Measure of the energy required to REMOVE an electron

Ionization Potential

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ATTRACTION of a nucleus for electrons

Electronegativity

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Combination
Decomposition
Disproportion reactions
Displacement (Single Displacement)

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

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Displacement (Single Replacement)

Hydrogen displacement
Metal displacement
Halogen displacement

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Precipitation
Neutralization
Gas formation

Metathesis (Double displacement)

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General form: A + B ➡️ C Example: Combustion Reaction General form: AB ➡️ A + C — breakdown of a compound into two or more components

Combination Reaction

Special type of redox reaction wherein an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

Disproportionation reaction

General form: A + BC ➡️ AC + B

Displacement reaction

Reactions are governed by ACTIVITY SERIES for metals

Hydrogen displacement

A metal in a compound can also be displaced by another metal in the uncombined state

Metal displacement

Activity series for halogens: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

Halogen displacement

General form: AB + CD ➡️ AC + BD

Metathesis Reaction

Formation of an insoluble product (precipitate) which separates from solution

Precipitation reactions

Predict the outcome of precipitation reactions

Solubility Rules

General form: Acid + Base ➡️ Salt + Water

Acid-Base Reactions (Neutralizations)

Alkali Family

IA (Alkali Family)

H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs

Most reactive among the metallic elements

IA - Alkali Family

Pharmaceutically Important IA Elements

* Hydrogen * Lithium * Sodium * Potassium

Inflammable Air (Cavendish, 1766)

Hydrogen

Universal Solvent

Water

Simplest and lightest element

Hydrogen

Third most abundant element in Earth's crust

Hydrogen

Production of Hydrogen

Linde Method

Industrial uses of hydrogen

* Haber process * Hydrogenation of oils * Inflating balloons

Haber process

Production of ammonia

Isotopes of Hydrogen

* Protium * Deuterium * Tritium

Pharmaceutically important compounds of Hydrogen

* Water * Hydrogen * Peroxide * Acids

Contains appreciable quantities of Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3

Alkaline Water

CO2 under pressure | Calcium and magnesium carbonates in solution as bicarbonate

Carbonated Water

Contains IRON Characterized by its FERRUGINOUS TASTE Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide upon exposure to air

Chalybeate Water

Do NOT contain appreciable quantities of LITHIUM, either as carbonate or chloride

Lithia Water

High amounts of MgSO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl

Saline Water (Purgative Water)

Contains dissolve H2S and deposit S upon exposure to the atmosphere

Sulfur Water

Water that contain soluble alkali silicates

Siliceous Water

Fit to drink, free form coliform organisms

Potable Water

Water with MINIMAL OR NO DISSOLVED INORGANIC IONS; | Low in dissolved calcium and magnesium ions

Soft Water

Water with APPRECIABLE AMOUNTS of calcium and magnesium ions

Hard Water

Contain soluble SULFATES, CHLORIDES, OR HYDROXIDES of calcium and or magnesium removed by ion exchange resins

Permanent Hard Water

Fewer solid impurities than ordinary drinking water

Purified Water, USP

Not use for neonates

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

Toxicity of benzyl alcohol

Gasping Syndrome

Water obtained from distillation, ion exchange tx, reverse osmosis of other suitable process

Purified Water, USP

Used for reconstitution of multiple antibiotics

Sterile Water for injection, USP

Water purified by distillation or reverse osmosis

Water for Injection, USP

Most widely used excipient in pharmaceutical manufacturing

Purified Water, USP

Must be used only in parenterals administered in SMALL volumes

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

Not required to be sterile but MUST BE PYROGEN-FREE

Water for Injection, USP

SWFI containing 1 or mor suitable antimicrobial agents packaged in prefilled syringes or in vials containing NMT 30 mL of the water

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection

Packaged in single dose containers NLargerT 1L

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

Intended to be used for manufacture of injectable products to be sterilized after preparation

Water for Injection, USP

Most frequently used solvent for LARGE-SCALE manufacture of injections

Water for injection, USP

Used for preparation of aqueous dosage forms EXCEPT those intended for parenteral administration

Purified Water, USP

Must be pyrogen free but has allowable endotoxin level (nmt 0.25 USP endotoxin units per mL)

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

Intended to be used as solvent, vehicle, or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

Neutralization

Arrhenius Concept

PROTONIC Concept of acidity and basicity. Acids — donors Bases — acceptors Concept of Hydrolysis

Bronsted - Lowry Concept

ELECTRONIC Concept Acids — donors Bases — acceptors

Lewis Concept

HSAB Concept

Pearson's concept of acidity and basicity

Suitable for ophthalmic, nasal and EXTERNAL application only

Borate Buffer System

Suitable for INTERNAL application

Phosphate Buffer Systems

Slight modification of Atkins and Pantin buffer system. | Contains high concentration of KCl

Gifford's buffer

Baluable buffer syatem for ophthalmic drugs

Sorensen's buffer

Major control of pH

Protein buffers (Hb and oxyHb)

Contains NaCl, dibadic sodium phosphate, may also contain KCl, monobasic K phosphate, calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate

Phosphate Buffered Systems

* Sal Sedativum Hombergi * Boracic acid * Orthoboric acid

Boric Acid, NF

Spirits of Salt

Hydrochloric Acid

Technical grade of HCl, impurities give it a characteristic yellow color

Muriatic acid

Parietal cells of the stomach secrete

HCl

pH of gatric juice

1-2

* Eau forte (strong water) | * Aqua fortis

Nitric acid

Production of Nitric Acid

Ostwald Process

* Orthophosphoric acid * Syrupy phosphoric acid * Concentrated Phosphoric Acid

Phosporic Acid

Strong monoprotic acid

Nitric Acid

Strong diprotic acid

Sulfuric acid

Strong triprotic acid

Phosphoric acid

Oil of Vitriol

Sulfuric Acid

Phosphinic Acid

Hypophosphorous Acid

Chemical properties of hyphosphite ion

Powerful reducing agent

React with Free Radicals

True Antioxidant

True Antioxidants

* Propyl gallate * Vitamin E * BHA * BHT

Selectively oxidized due to its reducing property

Reducing Agents

* Vitamin C * Sulfites * Hypophosphites

React with heavy metals which catalyzes oxidation

Antioxidant Synergists

* Citric Acid * Tartaric Acid * EDTA * EDTA Salts * Lecithin

For gastric achlorhydria

Diluted HCl Acid

* Concentrated Acetic Acid * Crystallizable Acetic Acid * Vinegar Acid

Glacial Acetic Acid

Excipient | Solvent and Menstruum

Acetic Acid, NF

Very corrosive weak acid used in glass etching

Hydrofluoric Acid

Antidote for burns caused by HF and fluorides

Calcium Gluconate

Minerals required in amounts > 100 mg per day by the human body

Macrominerals

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Ph

Microminerals or Trace Elements

Minerals that are needed in amounts < 100 mg per day

Lithos

Earth

Lightest of all metals

Lithium

Industrial use of Lithium

Heat exchanger in air conditioners

Ion that has diuretic action

Li ion

CNS depressant, sedative

Lithium Bromide

Most commonly used lithium salt for bipolar disorder

Lithium Carbonate

Tx of hyponaniac and maniac states and other psychiatric disorders

* Lithium Carbonate | * Lithium Oral Solution

* Eskalith * Quilonium-R * Lithase

Lithium Carbonate — Brand Names

Strong base, rapidly destroys tissues

Lithium Hydroxide

Excipient for preparation of Lithium Oral Solution

* Lithium Citrate | * Lithium Hydroxide

Primary CATION in EXTRAcellular fluids

Sodium

Carrier ion for organic drugs

Sodium

6th most abundant element in Earth's crust

Sodium

Optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments

Sodium

Average daily intake as NaCl

5-15g

Excretion of Sodium is mainly via

Urine

Water solublesodiun compounds are collectively known as

Soda

Baking Soda

Sodium Bicarbonate, USP

2nd most abundnant ANION in the EXTRAcellular fluid

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Production of Sodium bicarbonate

Solvay Process

Antidote for ingestion of water soluble zinc salts. | Carbonating agent for effervescent preparations.

Sodium bicarbonate

Deugs that react with HCl acid in the stomach to form salt and water

Antacids

– water soluble and easily absorbed – cause electrolyte disturbance and alkalosis • NaHCO3

Systemic Antacids

– Water insoluble – causes less side effect • Al, Ca and Mg containing antacids

Nonsytemic Antacids

* Phophate depletion * Osteoporosis * Osteomalacia * Neurotoxicity

Aluminum containing compounds

* Hypercalcemia * Alkalosis * Reversible renal failure

CaCO3

* Diarrhea | * Hypermagnesia

Magnesium containing compounds

* Mg(OH)2 * MgO * CaCO3

Rapid onset antacids

* Magaldrate | * Magnesium Carbonate

Intermediate onset antacids

* Magnesium Trisilicate | * Aluminum Compounds

Slow onset antacids

Number of mEq of HCl acid required to maintain 1 mL of an antacid suspension at pH 3 for 2 hours in vitro

Acid Neutralizing Capacity

* Urinary and syatemic alkalizer | * Diuretic

Sodium acetate

Pharmaceutic use of Sodium Actetate

Alkalinizing agent in Benedict's Solution

* In vitro: Anticoagulant | * In vivo: Sytemic and urinary alkalizer

Sodium Citrate

Provides raw material for regeneration of bicarbonate in the body

Lactate ion

Therapeutic use of Sodium Lactate

Systemic Alkalizer

Excipient for preparation of Hartmann's Solution and Darrow's Solution

Sodium Lactate

* Table Salt * Rock Salt * Solar Salt * Sea Salt * Dendritic Salt

Sodium Chloride

Primary ANION in EXTRAcellular fluid

Normal Saline Solution

Sodium Chloride Injection, USP

For multiple reconstitution of drugs

Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, USP

Isotonic Solution of Three Chlorides • NaCl • KCl • CaCl2

Ringer's Injection

``` Hartmann's Solution • NaCl • KCl • CaCl2 • Sodium Lactate ```

Lactated Ringer's Solution

Contains • NaCl • KCl • Sodium Lactate

Darrow's Solution

Temporary relief of corneal damage

Hupertonic NaCl Solution

Isotonic irrigating solution for the eye during surgical procedures

Balanced Salt Solution

``` Dry mixture of - NaCl - dextrose - KCl - Sodium bicarbonate • Electrolye replenisher ```

Oral Rehydration Salts, USP

- PEG-3350 - Sodium sulfate - NaHCO3 - NaCl • Laxative

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

- Electrolyte replenisher for Na | - less irritating and more water soluble

Sodium Gluconate, USP

* Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate * Sodium Acid Phosphate * Sodium Biphosphate

Monobasic Sodium Phosphate, USP

Primary ANION in the INTRAcellular fluid

HPO4

Influences calcium levels and acts as a buffer to prevent marked changes in acid-base balance

Phosphorous

Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate

Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP

* Source of phosphorous in hypophosphatemia and TPN | * Tx of hypercalcemia

Sodium Phosphates Injection, USP

— Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate or dibasic sodium phosphate and phsophoric acid — Saline Laxative

* Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution | * Sodium Phosphates Rectal Solution

Drugs that accelerate fecal passage or decrease fecal consistency

Laxatives

Psyllium husk

Bulk-forming

Docusate sodium (surfactants)

Emollient

Mineral Oil

Lubricant

* Magnesium salts | * Sodium phosphates

Saline

* Bisacodyl * Senna * Castor Oil

Stimulant

* Lactulose * Glycerin * Sorbitol * PEG 3350

Hyperosmotic

* Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate * Sodium Phosphate * Phosphate of Soda

Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP

Pharmaceutic use of Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, USP

Buffer component

Therapeutic use of Dibasic Sodium Phosphate

— Saline Laxatives | — For hypercalcemia

* Rochelle Salt | * Sal Seignette

Sodium Potassium Tartrate, USP

Pharmaceutic use of Sodium Potassium Tartrate

Sequestrant for Cu in Fehling's Solution

Glauber's Salt

Sodium Sulfate

Disodium EDTA

Edetate Disodium, USP

Uses of Edetate Disodium

– In vitro: Antocoagulant | – In vivo: chelating agent for correction of hypercalcemia

Very toxic (protoplasmic posion)

F- ion

Anticariogenic agent: dental caries prophylactic

Sodium Fluoride

Excessive administration of fluorides lead to

- dental fluorosis | - mottled appearance of the enamel of the teeth

- Antocariogenic agent | - Management of osteoporosis

Sodium Monofluorophosphate

Uses of Sodium Nitrite

* In vivo: vasodilator | * Curing meats and fish

Nitrite ion can cause

Metheoglobinemia

Antodote for cyanide posioning

Sodium nitrite

Antidote for nitrite toxicity

Methylene Blue

* Sodium hyposulfite * "hypo" * photographer's hypo

Sodium Thiosulfate

Good reducing agent but prone towards bacterial decomposition

S2O3

* Antidote for Cyanide poisoning | * Reagent for analytical determination of iodine

Sodium Thiosulfate

Calcium Disodium Versenate

Calcium Disodium Edetate, USP

Chelating agent for lead toxicity

Calcium Disodium Edetate

Used to enhance the elimination of divalent and other multivalent ions by formation of a stable metal-ion-chelate complex (sequestration) and act as antidotes

Chelating agents

Best antidote for mercury poisoning

Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate

Reddish brown crystals or powder

Sodium Nitroprusside

- Binds Ca ions and other divakent ions | - To prevent formation of calcium-containing kidney stones

Cellulose Sodium Phosphate

Tx of hyperkalemia due to acute kidney failure

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

* Dakin's Solution * Chlorox * Household bleach

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

Chemical property of hypochlorite ion

Powerful oxidizing agent

— NaOCl solution with diluted with equal volume of water | — Disinfectant

Labarraque's Solution

— Buffered solution containjng 450-500 mg NaOCl | — Antiseptic

Modified Dakin's Solution

Mild disinfectant and deodorant

Sodium Perborate

* H2O2 * KMnO4 * Sodium Perborate

Oxidizing agents

Heavy metals - Al - Zn - Hg - Fe

Protein precipitates

* Chlorine gas * Hypochlorites * Iodine Preparations

Halogenating Agents

* Storax * Sodium Tetraborate * Sodium Pyroborate * Sodium Biborate

Sodium Borate

Component of Dobell's Solution | — used as an astringent or antiseptic wash

– Sodium borate – Sodium bicarbonate – Phenol – Glycerol

Sensitive towards moisture and light

Sodium Iodide

Trace element necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones

Iodine

Deficiency of iodine in children

Cretinism

Deficiency of iodine in adults

Simple or colloid goiter and myxedema

Excessive administration of iodides can cause hypersensitivity reaction

Iodism

Solubilizer for iodine in Iodine tinctire and Iodine Solution

Sodium Iodide

* Caustic soda * Sosa * Lye * Soda lye

Sodium Hydroxide

– Very deliquescent, easily absorb water and CO2 from the atmosphere – Readily attack glass – Rapidly destroys tissue

Sodium Hydroxide

Chemical property of CO3

Highly alkaline reaction with water

Terrisry Sodium Phosphate

Tribasic Sodium Phosphate

Pharmaceutic use of Tribasic Sodium Phosphate:

Chemical reagent, for cleaning glass apparatus

Calx sodica

Soda Lime

Mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH or KOH and diatomaceous earth

Soda Lime

Carbon dioxide absorber

Soda Lime

Primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent

Sodium Tartrate

Hypotensive agent

Sodium Thiocyanate

– Vitamin supplement | – Antioxidant

Sodium Ascorbate

* SLS | * Sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sidium Lauryl Sulfate

Pharmaceutic use of SLS:

Anionic Surfactant

Disodium pyrosulfate

Sodium metabisulfite

Obtained from crystallization of sodium bisulfite under SO2 atmosphere

Sodium Metabisulfite

Chemical property of sulfites

Good reducing agent

– Artificial sweetener – Not approved for food use – Causes bladder tumors in laboratory animals

Saccharin Sodium

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards

(233 cards)