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54 CNS > Pharmaceutical Technology 3 > Flashcards

Pharmaceutical Technology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the top layer of skin?

A

Stratum corneum (10um)

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2
Q

What is stratum corneum made up of?

A

10-20 layers of flattened, stratified, fully keratinised dead cells

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3
Q

What is the primary barrier to drug crossing the skin?

A

Stratum corneum

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4
Q

What does the dermis layer contain?

A

Blood vessels
Macrophages
Mast cells

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5
Q

How do drugs access the stratum corneum?

A

Intercellular lipid domains
- Lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids, ceramides
Appendages
- Sweat ducts, hair follicles (but low surface area)

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6
Q

Topical delivery gives ____ skin penetration.

A

Shallow

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7
Q

Topical delivery is ______.

A

Local

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8
Q

Transdermal delivery gives ___ skin penetration

A

Deep

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9
Q

Transdermal delivery is ______.

A

Systemic

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10
Q

Advantage of transdermal delivery 1

A

Controlled release (reservoirs, duration of contact)
- Decreases dosing frequency

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11
Q

Advantage of transdermal delivery 2

A

No GI degradation/irritation

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12
Q

Advantage of transdermal delivery 3

A

Bypasses hepatic 1st pass effect

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13
Q

Advantage of transdermal delivery 4

A

Easy termination of input

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14
Q

Advantage of transdermal delivery 5

A

Non-invasive

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15
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 1

A

Variability between people & location of administration on body

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16
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 2

A

Stratum corneum -> slow absorption

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17
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 3

A

Skin irritation (interactions & removal)

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18
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 4

A

Can be removed by patient

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19
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 5

A

Metabolic enzymes

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20
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 6

A

BBB (via systemic delivery)

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21
Q

Disadvantage of transdermal delivery 7

A

Systemic side effects

22
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 1

A

Skin condition: age, disease, injury, site

23
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 2

A

Skin thickness (thickness of diffusion layer)

24
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 3

A

Hydration of skin (stratum corneum)
- Natural or “manufactured” (occlusive: physical/chemical)

25
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 4

A

Stimulation of the skin (phonophoresis/ultrasound, iontophoresis)

26
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 5

A

Physicochemical properties of drug (lipophilicity, diffusion coefficient)

27
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 6

A

Permeation enhancers

28
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 7

A

Concentration gradient

29
Q

Permeation enhancers result in ______ reduction in the ________ of the stratum corneum without ________.

A

Reversible
Barrier resistance
Damaging viable cells

30
Q

Factors that affect transdermal delivery 8

A

Area of contact between formulation & skin

31
Q

Types of patches

A

a. Solutions/suspensions in reservoirs
b. Polymer matrix

32
Q

Common excipients of solutions for patches

A

Preservatives
Solvents/co-solvents
Viscosity modified
Permeation enhancers
Adhesives

33
Q

Carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

A

Viscosity modifiers, matrix polymer

34
Q

Calcium alginate

A

Viscosity modifiers, adhesive, matrix polymer

35
Q

Carbomer

A

Viscosity modifier, adhesive

36
Q

Poly(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride)

A

Viscosity modifier, adhesive

37
Q

Glyceryl monooleate

A

Permeation enhancer, bioadhesive, sustained release agent

38
Q

Cyclodextrin

A

Permeation enhancer

39
Q

In polymer matrices, drug release depends on? 1

A

Diffusion coefficient of drug

40
Q

In polymer matrices, drug release depends on? 2

A

Surface area

41
Q

In polymer matrices, drug release depends on? 3

A

Concentration

42
Q

In polymer matrices, drug release depends on? 4

A

Porosity/tortuosity of polymer matrix
- Determined by intramolecular interactions (crosslinking, hydrogen bonds)

43
Q

Sealed packing maintains ____, ____, ____.

A

Integrity of adhesive
Integrity of product
Hydration

44
Q

Design of patches

A
  1. Membrane
  2. Matrix
  3. Drug-in-adhesive matrix
45
Q

Membrane

A
  • Drug dispersed in a separate depot
  • Rate-controlling membrane limits the amount of drug release over time
46
Q

Matrix

A

Drug incorporated in a polymer matrix, separate to the adhesive layer

47
Q

Drug-in-adhesive matrix

A

Drug combined with adhesive and released from this matrix

48
Q

Backing layer

A

Protection of drug & content

49
Q

Adhesives

A

Silicone, rubber and adhesives and
permeation enhancers

50
Q

Liner

A

Protects adhesive

51
Q

Special considerations for transdermal patches

A
  1. Release rate of drug from patch
  2. Strength of adhesion (between layers, influence of sweat, hair etc)
  3. Disposal

54 CNS (13 decks)

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