Pharmacognosy Flashcards by Joy F

Q

he discovered morphine

A

Friedrich Turner

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Q

discovered quinine

A

Pelletier & Caventou

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Q

discovered citric acid

A

Scheele

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Q

code of Hammurabi

a. Babylon
b. Egypt
c. India
d. Greece

A

a. Babylon

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Q

embalming, Papyrus Ebers

a. Babylon
b. Egypt
c. India
d. Greece

A

b. Egypt

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Q

De Materia Medica, Pharmaceutical Compounding

a. Babylon
b. Egypt
c. India
d. Greece

A

d. Greece

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Q

maceration -> gentle heat

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

c. digestion

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Q

soaked in solvent for long periods of time

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

a. maceration

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Q

maceration -> cold and hot water

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

b. infusion

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Q

maceration -> boiling solvent

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

e. decoction

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Q

percolator -> pass through

a. maceration
b. infusion
c. digestion
d. percolation
e. decoction

A

d. percolation

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Q

unintentional form of adulteration

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

admixture

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Q

intentional form of adulteration

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

sophistication

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Q

entire replacement of components

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

substitution

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Q

API -> below minimum standards

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

inferiority

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Q

impairment of quality during preparation

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

deterioration

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Q

deterioration due to microbial growth

admixture
substitution
inferiority
spoilage
deterioration
sophistication

A

spoilage

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Q

incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

A

dextrin

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Q

major deterioration product of starch hydrolysis

A

maltose

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Q

intermediate product of starch hydrolysis

A

maltotriose

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Q

incomplete acid hydrolysis of starch

A

liquid glucose

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Q

gelidium cartilagineum

A

Agar or Japanese isinglass

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Q

chrondus crispus

A

Carrageenan or Irish moss

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Q

macrocystis pyrifera

A

Algin

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furcellaria fastigiata

Danish Agar

wood sugar

Xylose

sugar in gum Arabic or acacia gum

Arabinose

glucose and glucose

maltose | alpha-1,,4 glycosidic bond

glucose and fructose

sucrose | alpha-1,2 glycosidic bond

galactose and glucose

lactose | beta-1,4

aka table sugar

sucrose

the official source of sucrose

Sugar Cane | *Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae*

source of Sugar Beets

*Beta vulgaris, Amaranthaceae*

source of Sugar Maple

*Acer saccharum, Aceraceae*

aka Malt sugar

Maltose

a disaccharide that is commonly used as ingredient in energy drinks? glucose xylose sucrose maltose lactose

maltose | 1 Glu = 30-32ATPs; 2 Glu=60-64 ATPs

aka milk sugar

Lactose | also a food for *Lactobacili*

diluent in chewable tablet

Mannitol

diluent in regular tablet

Lactose

semi-synthetic disaccharide (fru+gal) produced by the alkaline rearrangement of Lactose

Lactulose

glucose + glucose that has GB: alpha-1,1

Trehalose

glucose + glucose that has GB: alpha-1,4

Maltose

glucose + glucose that has GB: beta 1,4

Cellobiose

All disaccharides are reducing sugars except sucrose maltose lactose lactulose cellobiose trehalose

sucrose

glu-glu-fru

Gentianose

gal-glu-fru

Raffinose

glu-glu-glu

Maltotriose

glu-fru-glu

Melezitose

gal-gal-glu-fru

Stachyose

most common source of starch corn potato wheat rice cassava

corn | *Zea mays, Poaceae*

SN of Potato

*Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae*

SN of Wheat

*Triticum aestivum, Poaceae*

SN of Rice

*Oryza sativa, Poaceae*

SN of Cassava

*Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae* | source of tapioca starch

aka linear starch or helical starch

Amylose | alpha-1,4 GB; water soluble; blue color w/ iodine TS; 25%

aka branched starch

Amylopectin | alpha-1,4 & 1,6 GB (every 25 glu); H2O insoluble; vioet color w/ iodine

chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules (tablet binder) Hetastarch Sodium Starch Glycollate Pregelatinized Starch Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

Pregelatinized Starch

6% plasma expander Hetastarch Sodium Starch Glycollate Pregelatinized Starch Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

Hetastarch

Antidote for Iodine poisoning Hetastarch Sodium Starch Glycollate Pregelatinized Starch Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

used as disintegrant Hetastarch Sodium Starch Glycollate Pregelatinized Starch Starch Slurry/Starch Suspension

Sodium Starch Glycollate

Blue Dandelion

Chicory | *Chicorium intybus, Asteraceae*

*Echinaceae angustifolia, Echinaceae*

Cone flower | use in common flu and colds

yields fructose units only when hydrolyzed (Fructosan) Dextran Cellulose Inulin Starch

Inulin

the microbial product that undergoes fermentation and produces dextran sucrase or transglucosylase enzyme that synthesizes dextran from sugars?

*Leuconostoc mesenteroides*

*Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae*

Cotton

agent that removes moisture Emollient Demulcent Desiccant Humectant Diluent

Desiccant

soothes inflamed mucous membranes Emollient Demulcent Desiccant Humectant Diluent

Demulcent

soften the skin Emollient Demulcent Desiccant Humectant Diluent

Emollient

source of Acacia gum

*Acacia senegal, Fabaceae* | Arabin

the complex mixture of metals in Arabin often incompatible with other ingredient such as Bismuth causing insolubility cementation change in color immiscibility gelatinization

cementation

the complex mixture of metals in Arabin often incompatible with other ingredient such as Iron-containing causing insolubility cementation change in color immiscibility gelatinization

gelatinization

SN of Tragacanth

*Astralagus gummifer, Fabaceae*

a constituent in tragacanth that swells in water but does not dissolve (60-70%) Bassorin Tragacanthin

Bassorin | 30% Tragacanthin- more water soluble

the god of waste/feces

Sterculius

who is the least soluble plant exudate Acacia Indian gum Karaya Tragacanth

Karaya

the ingredient in Movicol that is responsible for its laxative effect? Frangula Tragacanth Karaya Gum Arabic

Karaya

the ingredient in Movicol that is responsible for its irritant cathartic effect? Frangula Tragacanth Karaya Gum Arabic

Frangula

Gum that is characterize by its 'fetid' odor Acacia Indian gum Karaya Tragacanth

Karaya | *Sterculi urens, Sterculiaceae*

substitute for acacia that produces dispersions that are more viscous Gum Arabic Indian gum Karaya Tragacanth

Indian gum or Ghatti gum | *Anogeissus latifolia, Combretaceae*

St. Johns Bread Plantago psyllium Cydonia vulgaris Ceratonia siliqua Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

*Ceratonia siliqua, Fabaceae* | Locust Bean Gum

used as a chocolate substitute Guaran Cydonium Plantago Seed Locust Bean Gum

Locust Bean Gum

Cydonium or Quince seed Plantago psyllium Cydonia vulgaris Ceratonia siliqua Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Cydonia vulgaris

Guar or Guaran Plantago psyllium Cydonia vulgaris Ceratonia siliqua Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

flour from the seed pods of Locust Bean Gum

Carob

what specific seed part of Plantago seed is used as bulk cathartic and lubricant cathartic endosperm epithelium husk

husk

from brown algae used as Tx of Herpes simplex infections

Fucoidan

from red algae used as bulk laxative and gel in bacteriological culture media

Agar or Japanese Isinglass

Purified carbohydrate product extracted from brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali

Sodium Alginate or Algin

from red algae or seaweeds

Carrageenan or Irish Moss

thickener and non gelling agent of Carrageenan Kappa Iota Lambda

Lambda

Irish Moss is hydrolyzed to the ff, except: glucose galactose mannose arabinose fructose

mannose

Microbial gum Agar Xanthan Tragacanth Karaya Carrageenan

Xanthan gum | *Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonadaceae*

purified carbohydrate product obtained from dilute acid extracts of the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace

Pectin

Acacia Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Plant exudates

Guar Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Seed gums

Carrageenan Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Marine gums

Xanthan Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Microbial gums

Quince Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Seed gums

Danish agar Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Marine gums

St. John;s bread Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Seed gums

Sterculia Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Plant exudates

Pectin Plant exudates Seed gums Marine gums Microbial gums Plant Extract

Plant Extract

Sugar portion of glycosides

Glycone

Non sugar portion of glycosides

Aglycone or Genin

the aglycone part of Anthraquinone

Anthracene (3 benzene rings)

plant discovered by Frederick Pursh; has a bitter taste and contains emodin (from dried bark age for 1yr)

*Rhamnus Purshianus, Rhamnaceae* | Sacred Bark or Cascara Sagrada

added to Cascara Sagrada to mask its bitter taste

MgO

purified mixture of anthranol glycosides used as drastic cathartic

Casanthranol

Frangula aka

Buckthorn Bark | con: Frangulin

Curacao Aloe

Aloe barbadensis, Liliaceae

Cape Aloe

*Aloe ferox+ Aloe Africana, Liliaceaea or Aloe spicata, Liliaceaea*

Active glycoside constituent of Aloe Barbaloin Chyrsaloin Emodin Chrysarobin

Barbaloin

Chibese rhubarab

*Rheum officinale, Polygonaceae*

Indian or Himalayan rhubarb

*Rheum emodi and Rheum webbianum, Polygonaceae*

Alexandria Senna

*Cassia acutifoli, Fabaceae*

Tinnerelly Senna

*Cassia angustifolia, Fabaceae*

Goa powder

*Andira araroba, Fabaceae*

Constituent of Goa powder Barbaloin Chyrsaloin Emodin Chrysarobin

Chrysarobin

solvent used to extract Chrysarobin Acetic acid Acetone Ethanol Hexane Hot Benzene

Hot Benzene

the aglycone part of Saponin

Sapogenin

the toxic aglycone part of Saponin

Sapotoxin

*Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae* *Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscoreaceae* Dioscorea floribunda, Dioscoreaceae

Glycyrrhiza or Licorice

The best source of steroids (according to US departnebt of agriculture) *Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscoreaceae* *Dioscorea floribunda, Dioscoreaceae*

*Dioscorea floribunda, Dioscoreaceae*

50x as sweet as sugar Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhetic acid Diosgenin or Botogenin Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins

Glycyrrhizin

anti-inflammatory agent in dermatologicals Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhetic acid Diosgenin or Botogenin Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins

Glycyrrhetic acid

major precursor of glucocorticoids (i.e. cortisone) Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhetic acid Diosgenin or Botogenin Panaxosides, Ginsenosides and Chikusetsusaponins

Diosgenin or Botogenin

Treatment to Addison's disease (severe glucocorticoid deficiency and) PUD Glycyrrhiza or Licorice Dioscorea or Yam Ginseng

Glycyrrhiza or Licorice

used as aphrodisiac, adaptogen, and tonic-improve sense of well being Glycyrrhiza or Licorice Dioscorea or Yam Ginseng

Ginseng

*Panax ginseng, Araliaceae*

Asian or Korean ginseng

*Panax quinquefolius, Araliaceae*

Amaerican ginseng

product of partial breakdown of amygdalin

Prunasin

AKA vit B17

Laetrile | Tx for Sickle cell anemia and cancer but banned by US FDA

*Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae* variety amara Bitter almond Sweet almond

Bitter almond

*Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae* variety dulcis Bitter almond Sweet almond

Sweet almond

Almond Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae Prunus serotina, Rosaceae Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae

Wild cherry Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae Prunus serotina, Rosaceae Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

Prunus serotina, Rosaceae

Cherry Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae Prunus serotina, Rosaceae Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

Apricot Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus, Rosaceae Prunus serotina, Rosaceae Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae

Prunus armeniaca, Rosaceae

aglycone source of cardiac glycosides that are more abundant in plants Cardenolide Bufadienolide

Cardenolide

aglycone source of cardiac glycosides that are found in skin of toads and bull frogs Cardenolide Bufadienolide

Bufadienolide

*Digitalis lanata, Scrophulariaceae*

Grecian Foxglove | Digoxin

*Digitalis purpurea, Scrophulariaceae*

Foxglove | Digitoxin

Lilly of the Valley

*Convallarria majalis, Asparagaceae * | Convallariatoxin

ortho-hydroxycinnamic acid

Coumarin | Tonka Beans- *Dipteryx odorata, Fabaceae* anticoagulant

bishydroxycoumarin

Dicumarol | Yellow sweet clover- *Melitotus officinalis, Fabaceae* anticoagulant

Synthethic Dicumaarol

Warfarin | Anticoagualamnt