pharmacokinetics I- drug administration, absortion, and distribution

Question 1

two primary routes of administration

Answer 1

alimentary canal to enteral administration
non-alimentary routes to paraenteral administration

Question 2

enteral routes

Answer 2

oral and rectal

Question 3

What is the most common method of enteral medications

Answer 3

oral

Question 4

oral advantages

Answer 4

easy , safe, convenient

Question 5

oral disadvantages

Answer 5

limited absorption of some drugs
change of first pass inactivation in liver

Question 6

most oral medication is absorbed from

Answer 6

the small intestine

Question 7

define first pass effect

Answer 7

drugs is transported into the liver via the portal vine where a large amount of the drug may be metabolized and destroyed prior to reaching the target tissue

Question 8

sublingual drugs

Answer 8

are placed under the tongue

Question 9

buccal drug

Answer 9

the drug is placed between the check and the gums

Question 10

do the sublingual or buccal go thru first pass effect?

Answer 10

none

Question 11

rectal drugs

Answer 11

via the rectum

Question 12

rectal advantages

Answer 12

local effect on rectal tissues

Question 13

rectal disadvantages

Answer 13

poor or incomplete absorption

Question 14

parental routes

Answer 14

inhalation
injection
topical
trasndermal

Question 15

parenteral

Answer 15

drug administration that does not us the Gi tract
delivers more directly to the target site
more predictable drug quantity

Question 16

parenteral inhalation advantages

Answer 16

rapid onset
direct application fro respiratory disorders
large surface area for absorption

Question 17

inhalation disadvantages

Answer 17

chance of tissue irriatation

Question 18

parenteral injections advantages

Answer 18

provided more direct administration to target tissues
fast

Question 19

injection disadvantages

Answer 19

chance of infraction is sterility is not maintained

Question 20

intro arterial injection

Answer 20

directly into an artery

Question 21

subcutaneous injection

Answer 21

injecting medications directly beneath the skin for locate response

Question 22

the SC route can also be used when a drug needs

Answer 22

it be slowly dispersed from the injection site and absorbed into the bloodstream for several weeks or months

Question 23

intramuscular injection

Answer 23

easily accessible
steady, prolonged release
repaid effect

Question 24

iontophoresis and photophoresis

Answer 24

use the transdermal route

Question 25

iontophoresis

Answer 25

electric current driver th ionized for of medication thru the skin

Question 26

phonophoresis

Answer 26

uses ultrasound waves to enhance transmission of medication thru the dermis

Question 27

define bioavailability

Answer 27

the extent to which the drug reaches the systemic circulation

Question 28

bioavailability depends on

Answer 28

the route of administration and the drugs ability to cross membrane barriers

Question 29

the cell membrane is so posed primarily of

Answer 29

lipids and proteins

Question 30

membrane lipids are..

Answer 30

phospholipids which are composed of polar, hydrophilic head and a lipid , hydrophobic tail

Question 31

membrane proteins exist where

Answer 31

in the outer or inner portion of the methane

Question 32

lipid soluble compounds..

Answer 32

are able to pass directly thru the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

Question 33

the ability of a substance to pass thru a specific pore depends on

Answer 33

the size, shape and electrical charge of molecule

Question 34

passive diffusion

Answer 34

does no use energy charged particles , chemical, and pressure difference on the 2 sides of the membrane

Question 35

the rate of passive diffusion depends on

Answer 35

the magnitude of the gradient, size of substance, distance and temp

Question 36

the second essential factor for passive diffusion to occur is that

Answer 36

the membrane must be permeable to the diffusion substances

Question 37

many drug are ..

Answer 37

lipid soluble

Question 38

drugs will diffuse more easily thru the lipid belayer if they are

Answer 38

non-ionized ionization decreases their lipid solubility

Question 39

ph 1-3

Answer 39

acidic

Question 40

ph 5-7

Answer 40

neutral

Question 41

ph 7-8

Answer 41

base

Question 42

When a weak acid drug is in an acidic environment it tends to be

Answer 42

in its neutral, no ionized form

Question 43

when a weak base is ionized in the acidic environment once it reaches the duodenum

Answer 43

is become nonionized and lipid soluble allowing it to be absorbed from the proximal small intestine

Question 44

diffusion trapping

Answer 44

wants the drug to be ionized in the urine or the body can get rid of the drug, by if it becomes nonionized while in the nephron it may be reabsorebed

Question 45

if the urine is basic

Answer 45

weka acids drugs are trapped in the nephron and get ride of fast

Question 46

if the urine is acidic

Answer 46

weak bases are excreted better

Question 47

diffusion between cell junctions

Answer 47

primary way that a drug may diffuse across the barrier by first into and then out of the other side

Question 48

define osmosis

Answer 48

refers to win the diffusing substance is water

Question 49

when osmosis happens ..

Answer 49

the water moves from an area where it si highly concentrated to an area of low concentration

Question 50

active transport

Answer 50

use membrane proteins to transport substances across the cell membrane

Question 51

does active transport need energy?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

characteristics of active transport

Answer 52

carrier specificity expenditure of energy (ATP hydrolysis) can transport substances against a concentration gradient

Question 53

define facilitated diffusion

Answer 53

has features of both active transport and passive diffusion assist in protein carrier but no net energy

Question 54

best example of facilitated diffusion

Answer 54

glucose into the skeletal muscle cells

Question 55

endocytosis

Answer 55

transport substances across their membranes

Question 56

exocytosis

Answer 56

substances synthesized within the cell can be encapsulated in vesicles and put out of the cell

Question 57

factors affection distribution

Answer 57

tissue permeability blood flow binding to plasma proteins binding to sub cellular components

Question 58

volume of distribution

Answer 58

if the number is high than the volume in ur blood is high and not in the tissue

Question 59

drugs storage sites

Answer 59

adipose bone muscle organs

Question 60

primary organs for drug storage

Answer 60

liver and kidneys

Question 61

what is the primary site for drug storage

Answer 61

adipose tissue bc a lot of lipids and many drugs are lipid soluable

Question 62

adverse consequences of drug storage

Answer 62

high concentration of drugs within the tissue can cause local damage to liver and kidneys

Question 63

drug storage occurs when a reservoir

Answer 63

soaks up the drug and prevents in from reaching the target site

Question 64

nanotechnology

Answer 64

involves the use of very small particles with physical properties that help drug absorption within the body

Question 65

is volume distribution is less than the total body fluid content then..

Answer 65

the drug is retainined in the blood stream due to factors such as plasma protein binding

Question 66

if volume distribution is high than the total body fluid then..

Answer 66

it indicated that the drug is being concentrated in the tissues