Pharmacolgy

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

Find out

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What the body does to the drug

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics - 4 process

Answer 3

1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion

Question 4

Oral - absorption

Answer 4

• Drugs need to be in a solution for it to be absorbed
• 1st the solid drug requires breaking into smaller particles = DISINTEGRATION
• 2nd the particles are dissolved into a solution = DISSOLUTION

Question 5

Pathway for the Drugs

Answer 5

Stomach/ intestine - muscle walls - vascular - liver - distribution

Question 6

Factor that affects absorption (oral)

Answer 6

Perfusion (blood flow)
Barrier
Presences of food in the stomach
Empty stomach
Acidity of the stomach
Presence of interacting drugs

Question 7

Factors that affect absorption ( rectal / vaginal / urethral )

Answer 7

Perfusion
Barrier
Length of time retained

Question 8

Factors that affect absorption ( mucous membrane – sublingual / buccal cavity )

Answer 8

Perfusion
Barrier
Length of time retained

Integrity of membrane

Question 9

Factors that affect absorption ( IM / SC / IV / ID )

Answer 9

Perfusion
Fat content

Temperature

Question 10

Injections

Answer 10

Intra Muscular ( 90 degrees )
Subcutaneous  ( 45 degrees ) 
Intra Venous    ( 25 degrees )
Intra Derma   (10-15 degrees )

Question 11

Skin layers

Answer 11

Epidermis
Dermis

Subcutaneous tissues
Muscle

Question 12

Factors that affect absorption ( inhalation )

Answer 12

Perfusion
Integrity
Technique

Question 13

Factors that affect absorption ( topical )

Answer 13

Perfusion
Integrity
Dose

Question 14

Distribution

Answer 14

• Majority of drugs need to be transported to their point of action
• Majority of drugs are carried systematically by the plasma proteins in the blood

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

• Drugs need to be broken down / repackaged enabling to the body to eliminated them
• Majority of the drugs are metabolised in the liver however this occurs in the lungs, skin and kidneys

Question 16

Elimination

Answer 16

Kidneys – URINE

GIT – FAECES

Lungs – EXPIRING

Glands – MILK

Question 17

Drugs can be administered - 3 ways

Answer 17

1) Enteral
2) Topical
3) Parenteral

Question 18

1) Enteral - enters the body

Answer 18

Mouth
Rectal
Urethral

Question 19

2) Topical - on top of the body

Answer 19

Inhalers
Lotions / creams

Ointment
Patches

Question 20

Parenteral

Answer 20

Injections

IV / SC / ID / IM
Sublingual – under the tongue
Buccal cavity – in the cheek

Question 21

Drugs that goes in the sublingual & buccal cavity ….

Answer 21

Doesn’t get absorbed into the GI system the drugs instead get absorbed directly into the vascular beds under the cheek / under the tongue

Question 22

Digestion - 1st pass effect (oral)

Answer 22

• Drugs that go to the stomach have to broken down which is called DISSOLUTION
• The drug then gets broken down into smaller particles so that it can be absorbed by the body
• BIOTRANSFORMATION occurs in the liver where the drug is further broken down into METABOLITES that can be used to the treat the body

Question 23

Absorption (oral)

Answer 23

• The metabolites crosses into the bloodstream then travels to either the kidneys and are eliminated or travels to the tissues receptors and treat the part of the body that needs the drug
• RECEPTORS are structures in the cell that tell the cells what to do

Question 24

Elimination (oral)

Answer 24

Most drugs are eliminated through the kidneys

• But people with kidney damage / disease can’t effectively eliminate the drug properly so the drug builds up in the body

Question 25

Absorption - Topical / Parenteral

Answer 25

Topical- Subcutaneous- IM- medication is absorbed through the outer layer eg. skin / fat tissues / muscle IV- medication is given directly through the vein and straight into the bloodstream ID-

Question 26

Biotransformation - Topical / Parenteral

Answer 26

Occurs into the liver

Question 27

Elimination- Topical / Parenteral

Answer 27

Occurs into the kidneys

Question 28

Speed of absorption- Topical / Parenteral

Answer 28

Depends on the route of administration for example intravenous is the quickest route for the drug to travel to the bloodstream

Question 29

Distribution

Answer 29

•Drugs are distributed and transported throughout the body via the blood

Question 30

There are 3 things that affect the drug distribution to the body

Answer 30

1) Protein binding 2) Lipid solubility 3) Circulation

Question 31

1) Protein binding

Answer 31

- the protein “ ties / blinds” on the drug | - if a drug is bound by protein its not available to treat the body

Question 32

2) Lipid solubility

Answer 32

- the cell membrane has a high lipid concentration | - highly lipid soluble drugs pass more easily through the cell membranes

Question 33

3) Circulation

Answer 33

- drugs rely on circulation to get to the target tissue - blood volume will make a huge difference low blood volume means that not a lot of blood is being delivered to the target tissues - vascular resistance the constricted vascular space ( narrow blood vessels ) / small spurts of blood gets into the tissues at a time - cardiac output means that the heart is not effectively pumping a lot of blood to circulate around the body so the drug isn’t be circulated around the body to get to the target tissue

Question 34

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 34

The effects of the drug on the body