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RAT 2001C > Pharmacolocy Powerpoint > Flashcards

Pharmacolocy Powerpoint Flashcards

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1
Q

radiation therapists assist with the administration of

A

contrast
anesthesia
intravenous (IV) fluids

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2
Q

drug legislation

A

the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938 and the controlled substance act of 1971 govern the labeling, availability, and dispensation of all drugs in the US

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3
Q

define pharmacology

A

science of drugs, including the sources, chemistry, and actions of drugs

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4
Q

4 drug names

A

chemical name
generic name
official name
brand/trade name

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5
Q

Chemical name

A

constituents of the chemical formula

ex. N-(4hydroxyphenyl)acetamide)

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6
Q

Generic name

A

coined by the original manufacturer

ex. acetaminophen

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7
Q

official name

A

usually the same as the generic name

ex. acetaminophen

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8
Q

brand/trade name

A

the drug’s name in official publications

ex. Tylenol

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9
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the way in which drugs affect the body

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10
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the way that drugs travel through the body to their receptor sites

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11
Q

factors that cause variations in pharmacokinetics

A

the effectiveness and reaction to a drug may differ greatly from one patient to another
age
weight
physical condition
personal & emotional requirements (negative attitudes, anxiety, etc)

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12
Q

absorption

A

every drug must be absorbed into the bloodstream to be effective

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13
Q

dosage and speed of absorption depend on factors such as

A

route of entry
pH of recipient environment
solubility of the formula
drug’s interaction with body chemicals while in transit

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14
Q

distribution

A

a drug travels through the circulatory system to its receptor site(s) and then connects with the molecular structure
the drug may need to bind with a certain protein or cross specific membranes to produce the desired response

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15
Q

distribution examples

A

many drugs cross the placental villi and affect the fetus
fewer drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier
some medications may be stored in the tissues for later use

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16
Q

metabolism

A

aka biotransformation

the process by which the body alters the chemical composition of a substance

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17
Q

what organ detoxifies nearly all foriegn substances entering the body

A

liver

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18
Q

what does the liver do when it detoxifies foreign substances

A

changes them into inactive, water soluble compounds that can be excreted by the kidneys

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19
Q

what main organ excretes water-soluble compounds from the liver

A

kidneys

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20
Q

ways the body excretes drugs and their by-products

A 
most drugs leave body through kidneys
lungs expel drugs that break down into gases
sweat glands
tear ducts
salivary glands
intestines
mammary glands
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21
Q

what does the rate of excretion depend on

A

body’s systems

drug’s half-life and concentration in the tissues

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22
Q

reactions

A

expected side effects

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23
Q

complications

A

adverse, unexpected reactions

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24
Q

allergic reactions

A

result from an immunologic reaction to a drug
drug acts as an antigen and the body develops antibodies to that drug
once allergy develops subsequent exposures to that drug cause increasingly sever symptoms

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25
tolerance
when the body adapts to a particular drug and requires ever-increasing doses to achieve the desired effect not addiction
26
cumulative effect
develops when the body is unable to detoxify because the drug accumulates in tissue and becomes toxic can be good (anti-depressants) or bad
27
idiosyncratic effect
unpredictable symptoms caused by a genetic defect within the patient
28
dependence
can result from extensive exposure to a drug or a compulsion to continue taking a drug to feel good or avoid feeling bad usually caused from physiologic or psychological problems
29
drug interactions
occurs between 2 or more drugs or a combination of food and drugs can be posistive or negative
30
synergism
increases a drug's effect | ex- alcohol & sedatives
31
iatrogenic disease
a disease that results from long-term use of a drug that damages organs or causes other disorders over time drugs used to treat disease can cause disease ex- XRT and chemo
32
antagonism
decreases a drug's effect | ex- antiemetic and anesthesia
33
seven rights of medication administration
``` right patient right medication right dose right time right route right documentation right reason/indication ```
34
pharmacologists classify drugs in what ways
1. according to the effects of the drug on particular receptor sites or body systems 2. in terms of the symptoms that the drug relieves 3. by its chemical group these categories can overlap a single drug can be used to treat multiple conditions several different drugs can be used to treat a single condition
35
what is contrast media used for in radiation oncology
during simulation to improve the visibility of soft tissues and other areas with low natural contrast protocols are established in each clinic/hospital for imaging procedures and contrast
36
is it important to take an accurate patient history before the administration of contrast
extremely important | most departments have some type of a contrast media administration history form
37
why is it important to assess kidney function before injection of contrast
the kidneys are responsible for eliminating contrast material after IV administration, assessment minimizes the risk of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity (toxicity in the kidneys)
38
kidney function is assesed by
blood work blood urea nitrogen (BUN)- normal in adults 7-20 mg/uL creatinine- normal in adults 0.6-1.4 mg/dL glomerular filtration rate (GFR)- normal in adults 120 mL/min/1.73 m^2
39
what kind of patients often require additional guidelines before IV contrast administration
diabetic
40
all medication must be...
ordered | can be verbal but must be written and signed by a physician within 24 hours
41
drugs may be administered via what routes
oral mucous membrane (rectum, sublingual) topical parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous)
42
Parenteral drug administration
medication bypasses the gastrointestinal tract | "by injection"
43
4 most common parenteral routes
``` intradermal subcutaneous (SC) intramuscular (IM) intravenous IV ```
44
intradermal route
a shallow injection between the layers of skin
45
subcutaneous SC route
a 45- or 90-degree injection into the SC tissue just below the skin
46
intramuscular IM route
a 90-degree injection into the muscle | used for larger amounts of mediation or a quicker systemic effect
47
intravenous IV
an injection directly into the bloodstream that provides an immediate effect
48
less common parenteral routes of drug administration
intrathecal- medications injected directly into the spinal canal intratracheal- medications administered directly into the trachea intracranial- medications administered directly into the brain catheterization- includes urinary catheterization
49
what is the safest method of iv administration
continuous infusion- medication is mixed with a large volume of iv solution and given gradually over a period of time
50
what is the second safest method of iv administration
a drug "piggybacked" (added) onto the main iv line by means of a special valve so that the medication can be administered intermittently at prescribed levels
51
what is a third method of iv injection
bolus- a push or concentrated dose of medication injected by a syringe directly into the vein or through the iv port requires dilligent observation, effect is fast and can be irreversible
52
most contrast media are are given
if not given orally, are injected by bolus or power injector | it is important to flush catheters with saline before and after contrast injection
53
what are methods of iv administration
continuous infusion piggybacked bolus
54
radiopharmaceuticals
``` not contrast agents radionuclides attached (chemically bound) to pharmaceuticals ```
55
how are radiopharmaceuticals imaged
using a gamma camera (nuclear medicine- PET scan) | physicians read the images knowing what looks like a pathologic condition
56
are PET and CT Simulation scans fused together today
yes
57
analgesic drug
relieves pain narcotics- morphine, demerol nonnarcotics- tylenol narcotics are better at alleviating stronger pain; however, are associated with adverse side effects and are addictive
58
anesthetic
suppresses the sensation of feeling by acting on the CNS general anesthetics- Pentothal- depress the CNS rendering the patient unconcious for major surgery local anesthetics- Novocain- act only on the nerves ina small area
59
antianxiety drugs
helps calm anxious patients and relieve muscle spasms | antianxiety drugs can be used concurrently with radiation therapy treatments
60
antibiotics
suppress the growth of bacteria | penicilin, tetracycline (broad-spectrum antibiotics)
61
anticoagulants
prevents blood from clotting too quickly | warfarin, heparin
62
anticonvulsants
inhibit or control seizures klonopin, dilantin klonopin is administered orally dilantin can be administered orally or parenterally
63
antidepressants
affect neurotransmitters | affect communication within the cells of the brain
64
antidiarrheal
control the gastrointestinal GI distress | GI distress is typically from bacterial infections
65
antiemetic
prevent nausea and vomiting phenagran most effective when given before symptoms develop often used to alleviate side effects of radiation therapy and chemo
66
antifungal
treat fungal infections such as yeast or thrush nizoral may be given to patients with head and neck cancer who have oral thrush
67
antihistamines
teat allergies but can also be found in cold remedies and motion sickness tablets benadryl often administered to patients before surgery, as many drugs trigger allergic reactions
68
antihypertensives
lower blood pressure | lopressor
69
antiinflammatory drugs
reduce inflammation motrin do not work as quickly as corticosteroids but they may have fewer side effects
70
antineoplastic
chemo drugs mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites can be extremely aggressive and cause adverse side effects because chemo drugs affect the entire system
71
contrast media
enhance the visibility of internal tissues for imaging iodine, barium, air oncologists depend on these to pinpoint target areas for radiation treatment planning
72
corticosteroids
reduce inflammation decadron can be used to treat adrenal deficiency
73
diuretics
remove fluid from cells diuril used to treat edema and are often used with antihypertensives to lower blood pressure
74
hormones
augment endocrine secretions premarin sex hormones can be used to treat neoplastic conditions in the opposite sex
75
narcotics
relieve pain codeine federally controlled substances that relax the cns
76
narcotic antagonists
used to counter the effects of narcotic drugs naltrexone narcotic antagonists bind to the opioid receptors so that the narcotic cant bind to the opioid receptor
77
sedatives
calm anxious patients and relax the cns versed can induce sleep or unconsciousness
78
skeletal muscle relaxants
relax skeletal muscles valium treat musculoskeletal conditions such as fibromyalgia, tension headaches, and myofascial pain syndrome
79
common medical abbreviations
common medical abbreviations

RAT 2001C (1 decks)

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