Pharmacologic Principles

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of living organism

Question 2

What are the 3 type of names all drugs have?

Answer 2

Chemical, generic, and brand (trade)

Question 3

Pharmaceutics

Answer 3

related to the dosage form (the rate at which the drug dissolution occurs)

Question 4

What are the dosage forms?

Question 5

Enteral

Answer 5

absorbed through mucosa of stomach or intestine

Question 6

Parenteral

Answer 6

refers to injection (intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous)

Question 7

Topical

Answer 7

applied on body surfaces including skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, or vagina

Question 8

Tablet

Answer 8

powdered medication compressed into hard disk (often scored and can be given half dose)

Question 9

Capsules

Answer 9

medication ensured in gelatin shell (may contain sustained or extended release granules)

Question 10

Enteric Coated Tablets

Answer 10

Tablets that cannot be divided into smaller doses. They are coated and do not break down into the stomach, this means the absorption of the drug takes place in the small intestine

Question 11

Chewable Tablets

Answer 11

Tablets that should be chewed, often used for children or pt that has a difficult time swallowing pills. The breakdown of the tablet occurs at the mouth

Question 12

Sublingual (SL)

Answer 12

A tablet that is placed under the tongue

Question 13

Liquids, Elixirs, and Syrups

Answer 13

Liquid form is already dissolved and is absorbed more quickly than a solid dosage forms

Question 14

Transdermal

Answer 14

An adhesive patch with medication that is absorbed through the skin

Question 15

Rectal (PR) Suppositories

Answer 15

administered in the rectum. a great site if client is vomiting, has difficulty swallowing medication, or infants with fever or pain

Question 16

Injections: Intradermal

Answer 16

injection into the dermis just below the epidermis

Question 17

Injections: Subcutaneous (SC, SQ)

Answer 17

injection into the fat layer just below the skin

Question 18

Injections: Intramuscular (IM)

Answer 18

injection into the deep muscle of buttocks, thigh, or upper arm

Question 19

Intravenous (IV)

Answer 19

injection directly into a vein and allow medication to be delivered immediately into the blood stream and distributed with the blood throughout the body

Question 20

Inhaler

Answer 20

canister containing medicine in aerosol form which is pumped out and delivered directly into the lungs

Question 21

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

The study of the process of the drug from the point it is enters the body to the point it is excreted

Question 22

The four processes of pharmacokinetics:

Answer 22

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

Question 23

Absorption

Answer 23

the movement of the drug of its site of administration to the bloodstream (the onset of the drug action is largely determined by the rate of absorption)

Question 24

Bioavailability

Answer 24

the portion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation ** Oral drugs are altered by the FIRST PASS EFFECT

Question 25

First Pass Effect

Answer 25

if the drug is metabolized by the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation some of the drug may deactivate (oral is less than 100% bioavailability, IV is 100% availability)

Question 26

Influences on oral drug absorption

Answer 26

Food in the stomach, presence of other drugs, the dosage form

Question 27

Distribution

Answer 27

the transport of the drug by the bloodstream into its site of action

Question 28

Distribution is determined by:

Answer 28

blood flow to the tissues, ability of a drug to exit the vascular system, ability of a drug to enter cells

Question 29

Protein Binding

Answer 29

Drugs could bind to proteins in bloodstream. As long as it is bound to plasma protein it could not cause a drug response. The drug could be stored and released as needed. However if there are 2 drugs competing to protein binding sites , one drug will displaced. This may result in freely circulating drug molecules of the displaced drug.

Question 30

Metabolism/biotransformation

Answer 30

method by which the drugs are inactivated by the body (varies depending on the capabilities of the liver which are affect the age, genetics (CYP 450 system), disease, and concurrent use of meds

Question 31

Excretion

Answer 31

refers to the elimination of the drug from the body (required adequate function of the circulatory system and organs of excretion)

Question 32

Organs of excretion:

Answer 32

Kidneys via urine, Liver via bile and into feces, Lungs via exhaled air, saliva, tears, and sweat or skin

Question 33

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 33

the study of what the drug does to the body

Question 34

Important note:

Answer 34

Once a drug is at the site of action it may increase or decrease the rate at which the cells or tissues function. However the drug cannot make a cell or tissue perform a function it was not designed to perform

Question 35

Onset of action

Answer 35

Largely determined by absorption rate

Question 36

Peak concentration

Question 37

duration of action

Question 38

half-life

Question 39

peak and trough levels

Question 40

therapeutic monitoring

Question 41

toxicity

Question 42

adverse drug reactions

Question 43

interactions

Question 44

contraindications

Question 45

precautions