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1MB Cardiology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Adrenaline activates B2 adrenoceptors in the heart to cause increased heart rate. True/False?

A

False
Acts on B1 adrenoceptors

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2
Q

Which muscarinic receptor does ACh act on in the heart to cause decreased heart rate?

A

M2 receptors

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3
Q

Which channels, when blocked, decrease the slope of the SA node action potential?

A

HCN channels

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4
Q

Name a drug that is a selective blocker of HCN channels and for what heart condition it is mainly used

A

Ivabradine
Used for angina

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5
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes a decrease in the duration of systole. True/False?

A

True

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6
Q

Name a B1 agonist drug used sometimes in heart failure

A

Dobutamine

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7
Q

Propranolol is a selective B2 receptor antagonist. True/False?

A

False
It is non-selective

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8
Q

Name a selective B1 antagonist drug

A

Atenolol
Metoprolol

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9
Q

Give some adverse effects of B-blockers

A

Aggravate asthma
Aggravate heart failure
Cold extremities
Bradycardia
Fatigue

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10
Q

What are the dangers of digoxin?

A

It has a low therapeutic ratio and is thus toxic, especially in hypokalaemia
Can cause heart block

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11
Q

What is an indirect effect of digoxin?

A

Slows AV node conduction to increase refractory period

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12
Q

Name 2 examples of organic nitrates used clinically

A

GTN tablet/spray
Isosorbide mononitrate

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13
Q

Why is it important to have nitrate-low periods?

A

Repeated use can develop tolerance and reduce efficacy

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14
Q

Name a renin inhibitor

A

Aliskiren

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15
Q

Renin inhibitors (aliskiren) can be used in conjunction with an ARB or ACEi. True/False?

A

False

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16
Q

What are the effects of ACE?

A

Converts AT I to AT II
Inactivates bradykinin

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17
Q

Name an ACEi used in Tayside

A

Lisinopril

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18
Q

Name an ARB used in Tayside

A

Losartan

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19
Q

What are the main differences between ACEi and ARBs?

A

ARBs do not inhibit bradykinin and do not produce dry cough

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20
Q

What is the main/overall action of diuretics?

A

Increase Na, Cl and water excretion
Indirectly relax vasculature

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21
Q

What is the undesirable effect of diuretics?

A

Loss of K+

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22
Q

Name a thiazide diuretic and conditions it is used in

A

Bendroflumethazide
Mild heart failure, hypertension

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23
Q

Name a loop diuretic and conditions it is used in

A

Furosemide
Chronic heart failure, acute pulmonary oedema

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24
Q

What are some side effects of diuretics?

A

Hypokalaemia
Arrhythmias
Gout
Impotence

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25
Name conditions in which amlodipine can be used
Hypertension Angina
26
ACEi and ARBs are safe in pregnancy. True/False?
False NEVER use in pregnancy
27
Name conditions in which nitrates can be used
Angina Acute heart failure
28
Name some antiplatelet agents
Aspirin Clopidogrel
29
Name some anticoagulants
Heparin (IV) Warfarin (oral)
30
What do fibrinolytics simply do?
Dissolve formed clots
31
Name a commonly used fibrinolytic
Streptokinase
32
CV disease is associated with low LDL and HDL. True/False?
False High LDL and/or low HDL causes CV disease
33
The bigger the HDL:LDL ratio, the better (in terms of health). True/False?
True
34
Why is LDL "bad" cholesterol?
Increased LDL is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
35
Why is HDL "good" cholesterol?
HDL accepts excess cholesterol from the plasma membrane of cells (e.g. macrophages) and delivers cholesterol to the liver - reverse cholesterol transport
36
What are the drugs of choice for reducing LDL (and moderately increasing HDL)? Give examples
Statins - simvastatin, atorvastatin
37
When and how are statins administered?
Orally at night
38
What are the 3 components of Virchow's triad? What do they predispose to?
Abnormal blood flow Vessel wall injury Increased coagulability of blood These predispose to thrombosis
39
An arterial thrombus is a white thrombus. True/False?
True
40
What colour is a venous thrombus?
Red
41
Where do white thrombi commonly lodge?
Brain (detached embolus from left heart)
42
Where do red thrombi commonly lodge?
Lung (detached embolus from right heart)
43
How is warfarin administered? How fast is its onset of action?
Oral 2-3 days
44
What is the main risk with anticoagulant drugs?
Risk of haemmorhage
45
How might a warfarin overdose be treated?
Vitamin K/clotting factor infusion
46
Give examples of LMWHs
Enoxaparin Dalteparin
47
How is heparin administered?
Intravenously or subcutaenously
48
How is LMWH administered?
Subcutaneously
49
Name an oral active inhibitor of Xa
Rivaroxaban
50
How is aspirin administered?
Oral
51
How is clopidogrel administered?
Oral
52
Give examples of fibrinolytic drugs
Streptokinase Aleplase Duteplase
53
How are fibrinolytic drugs administered?
Intravenously
54
What is the healthy level for Total Cholesterol?
5 or below
55
What is the healthy level for HDL?
1 or above
56
What is the healthy level for LDL?
4 or below
57
What are triglycerides?
Fatty substance similar to LDL
58
What is the healthy level of Fasting triglycerides? (when you're asked not to eat for several hours before the test)
1.7 or below
59
What is the healthy level of non-Fasting triglycerides?
2.3 or below
60
What is the healthy level of Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio?
6 or below

1MB Cardiology (16 decks)

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