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Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 classifications of Aspirin?

A
  • anti-platelet
  • anti-thrombotic
  • anti-inflammatory
  • anti-pyretic
  • analgesic
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2
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics for Aspirin?

A

inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2
- which is a potent platelet aggregate and vasoconstrictor

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3
Q

What is the onset of Aspirin

A

15-30 minutes

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4
Q

What is the duration of Aspirin?

A

4-6 hours

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5
Q

What is the classification of Epinephrine?

A

sympathomimetic

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6
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of epi?

A

A1 receptor - vasoconstriction
B1 receptor - increase heart rate and contractility
B2 receptor - moderate bronchodilation

  • inhibits histamine release
  • positive chronotropic, inotropic and dromotropic effects
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7
Q

What is the onset of epi (IV)?

A

immediate

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8
Q

What is the duration of epi (IV)?

A

unknown

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9
Q

What is the onset of epinephrine (SC/IM)?

A

5-15 minutes

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10
Q

What is the duration of epinephrine (SC/IM)?

A

1-4 hours

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11
Q

What is the onset of epinephrine via inhalation?

A

1-5 minutes

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12
Q

What is the onset of epinephrine via inhalation?

A

1-5 minutes

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13
Q

What is the duration of epinephrine via inhalation?

A

1-3 hours

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14
Q

What are the classifications of nitroglycerin?

A
  • anti-anginal
  • nitrate
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15
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of nitroglycerin?

A
  • relaxes smooth muscle and dilates both arterial and venous vessels
  • decreases the preload on the heart as well as myocardial oxygen consumption
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16
Q

What is the onset of nitroglycerin?

A

1-3 minutes

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17
Q

What is the onset of nitroglycerin?

A

1-3 minutes

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18
Q

What is the duration of nitroglycerin?

A

30 minutes

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19
Q

What is the classification of salbutamol (ventolin)?

A
  • bronchodilator
  • sympathomimetic
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20
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of salbutamol?

A
  • selective B2 stimulation = bronchodilation and some degree of vasodilation
  • some B1 effects especially in repeated doses
  • little to no alpha stimulation
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21
Q

What is the onset of salbutamol?

A

5 mins

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22
Q

What is the duration of salbutamol?

A

3-8 hours

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23
Q

What are the classifications of glucagon?

A
  • glucose elevating agent (pancreatic hormone)
  • insulin antagonist
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24
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of Glucagon?

A
  • accelerates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver
  • secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, elevates blood glucose levels by increasing the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and inhibiting glycogen synthesis
  • produces relaxation of smooth muscle of the stomach, duodenum, small bowel and colon
  • exerts a positive inotropic action on the heart
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25
What is the onset of glucagon?
8-10 mins approx
26
What is the duration of glucagon?
19-32 mins
27
What is the classification of naloxone?
- narcotic antagonist - diagnostic agent
28
What are the pharmacodynamics of naloxone?
- reverses the effects of opioids including respiratory depression, sedation, hypotension - antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites (especially the mu receptor) - binds to all three opioid receptors (mu, kappa, gamma)
29
What is the onset of naloxone (IV)?
1 min
30
What is the duration of naloxone (IV)?
45 mins
31
What is the duration of naloxone (IV)?
45 mins
32
What are the pharmacodynamics of Dimenhydrinate (gravol)?
- H1 receptor antagonist - decreases hyper-stimulated labyrinthine function - may block synapses in the vomiting centre
33
What are the pharmacodynamics of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
- antihistamine and anticholinergic (drying) and sedative effects - antihistamines appear to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells
34
What are the general mechanisms of action for sympathomimetic drugs?
Heart: beta receptors - increased hr - increased contractility - increased automaticity Systemic: alpha receptors - vasoconstriction beta receptors - vasodilation Lungs: alpha receptors - mild bronchoconstriction beta receptors - bronchodilation
35
What are some examples of sympathomimetic drugs?
- epinephrine - albuterol - dopamine - norepinephrine - isoproterenol
36
What is the general actions for sympathetic blockers?
class of drugs that antagonize adrenergic receptor sites - reduces heart rate - reduces contractile force - lowers blood pressure
37
What is the general mechanism of action for antidysrhythmics?
- useful in treatment and prevention of cardiac dysrhythmias by either slowing or speeding up the heart
38
What is the general mechanism of action for Parasympatholytics?
- drugs that inhibit the actions of parasympathetic nervous system (also known as anticholinergics) - stimulation induces peristalsis and causes pupillary constriction and decrease in HR
39
What is the general mechanism of action for anticoagulants?
drugs that inhibit blood clot formation - used for acute coronary syndrome, acute embolic and thrombotic strokes, pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis
40
What is the general mechanism of action for Fibrinolytics?
drugs used to dissolve a blood clot 3 main types: - strepokinase - anistreplase - alteplase
41
What is the general mechanism of action for cardiac pain management?
drugs that have proved effective in alleviating pain, block the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body - as a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain and fever are reduced
42
What is the general mechanism of action for diuretics?
increases cardiac output and to reduce pulmonary and peripheral edema - they act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses
43
Inotropic:
contraction force
44
Chronotropic:
heart rate
45
Dromotropic:
conduction speed
46
Versed
midazolam - sedation
47
Seroquel
quetiapine - antipsychotic
48
Crestor
rosuvastatin - dyslipdemia
49
Ativan
lorazepam - sedation
50
Celexa
citalopram - antidepressant
51
Macrobid
nitrofurantoin - antibiotic, UTI tx
52
Altace
ramipril - high BP
53
Lasix
furosemide - diuretic
54
Diovan
valsartan - hypertension
55
Flomax
tamsulosin - enlarged prostate
56
Coumadin
warfarin - anticoagulant
57
Plavix
clopidogrel - antiplatelet
58
Lipitor
atorvastatin - dyslipidemia
59
Xarelto
rivaroxaban - anticoagulant
60
Cialis
tadalafil - erectile dysfunction
61
Prozac
fluoxetine - antidepressants
62
Vasotec
enalapril - HTN
63
Dilantin
phenytoin - anti-epileptic
64
Norvasc
amlodipine - HTN
65
Risperidal
risperidone - antipsychotic
66
Eliquis
apixaban - anticoagulant
67
Effexor
venlafaxine - antidepressant
68
What does parasympathetic activity stimulate?
- pupil constriction - increased gastric mobility - bradycardia - increased secretion - bronchoconstriction
69
What do muscarinic M1 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?
- acts to increase secretion of salivary glands - stimulate bronchoconstriction - gastric acid secretion
70
What do muscarinic M2 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?
- located in the heart and acts to bring the intrinsic rate down
71
What do muscarinic M3 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?
- acts to cause bronchoconstriction, and acts on the detrouser muscle that causes bladder contraction
72
What does sympathetic activity stimulate?
- dilated pupils - tachycardia - increase in lipolysis from fatty acids - increased diameter in coronary and skeletal vessels - vasoconstriction of vessels of the gastric tract/skin - decrease in gastric motility
73
What does norepinephrine do for the human body?
- in the brain it increases alertness and increased vigilance and in the body increases BP, HR and glucose uptake

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