Pharmacology Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
is any chemical used for therapeutic purposes such as treating illness, relieving symptoms or conducting diagnostic testing
A
drugs
2
Q
is a theoretical concept that a drug would have all good effects and qualities and no negative effects or qualities
A
ideal drug
3
Q
combined effect of medications taken together
A
drug interaction
4
Q
when two or more drugs are prescribed together
A
drug-drug
5
Q
food in stomach can significantly change the absorption of drugs
A
nutrient-drug
6
Q
when some drugs used to treat a disease, can cause exacerbation in or interfere with another disorder that a patient may have at the same time
A
disease-drug
7
Q
refers to all of the names by which a drug can be identified
A
drug nomenclature
8
Q
is usually long name of the chemical composition of the druge
A
chemical name
9
Q
Where can the chemical name be found
A
package insert
10
Q
To whom is the chemical name is important
A
FDA, offices that register patent on the drug, and chemist and scientist working in pharmaceutical fields
11
Q
another name for generic name
A
nonproprietary and approved name
12
Q
what is the official medical name assigned by the producer
A
generic or nonpropritary name
13
Q
What is the USP-NF book
A
book of public standards related to pharmacology
14
Q
Brand name
A
known as trade or proprietary name
15
Q
What is brand name
A
is given to a drug by manufacturer, meaning the manufacturer owns the drug
16
Q
For example what is the generic name for the Brand name Tylenol
A
acetaminophen
17
Q
Generic name of LIpitor
A
Atorvastatin
18
Q
Brand Name Nexium
A
esomeprazole
19
Q
Brand name Glucophage
A
Metformin
20
Q
After scientist develop and test new drugs, what is its fist name
A
Chemical name
21
Q
What does the manufacturer market the drug as after the FDA approves the drug
A
Brand name
22
Q
Which is the shorter name of a drug
A
Brand names are usually shorter than generic name
23
Q
Why are Brand Names for drugs shorter?
A
so consumers can remember them
24
Q
What does the “R” mean on the product label
A
that the drug has been registered by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offic
25
What does "TM" mean
trademark
26
How long does the pharmaceutical co hold the patent for a new brand name drug
about 20 years after its discovery
27
when can other co create generic versions of the drug
after the time for sole rights has expired 11-12 years
28
is the government agency that decides what drugs may be sold and under what legal restriction.
Food and Drug Admin
29
what is a legal term, that means that the FDA has no restrictions on the drug
Over the Counter OTC
30
what are drugs that can only be distributed by prescriptions bc of harmful side effects if not used with caution
Legend drug
31
What drugs that are dangerous and subject to abuse, therfor only acceptable medical usages and under rugid rules
controlled substances
32
regulates the manufacture and sale of dangerous drugs such as narcotis
DEA drug enforcement admin
33
study of movement of drugs via the body
pharmacokinetics
34
study of drugs, and their interactions on living systems
pharmacology
35
understanding of the structures in the body
anatomy
36
understanding of what happens to the body when its not fuctionally normally due to illness or injury
pathology
37
understanding the chemical composition of medications and how they interact with the body
chemistry
38
is important due to how patients perceive their health status and understand the health education being provided
psychology
39
person who dispenses drugs at a pharmacy
pharmacist
40
scientist who studies all aspects of drugs including origins, functions, chemistry, effects and uses
pharmacologist
41
study of new drug synthesis
medicinal chemistry
42
study of drug action, effects on body
pharmacodynamis
43
study of the movement of drugs in the body
pharmacokinetics
44
study of interaction of drugs with molecules such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes
molecular pharmacology
45
treatment of disease with therapeutic meds
pharmacotherapeutics
46
study of poisons
toxicology
47
substances that change physiological processes in the body
drugs
48
where can drugs be derived from
plants, animals or minerals
49
naturally occurring substances
minerals
50
substances missing from the human body may be found in the body tissues of?
animals
51
can be derived from pancreas of cows or hogs
insulin
52
duplicate the desired properiies of natural susbtances
synthetic drugs
53
most common synthetic drugs
aspirin
54
fastest growing areas in pharmacological studies
recombinant DNA tech
55
what does recombinant DNA tech uses
artificially manipulated DNA segments from diff organic sources
56
What are the four processes involved in pharmacokinetics (movement of drugs in body)?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
57
refers to the movement of a drug from its site of admin into blood
absorption
58
movement of a drug from blood into tissues and cells
distribution
59
involves physical and chemical alteration of drug in the body
metabolism
60
refers to removal of the waste products of drug metabolism from the body
excretion
61
what are the primary sites of absorption
mucosa of mouth, lungs, stomach gastro and small intestine, rectum, and blood vessels in muscle tissue
62
what are the factors that influence absorption rate
administration, drug ph, food, location, topical, and inhalation
63
what type of administration of the drug can influence absorption rate
incorrect administration
64
what does food in stomach do to the rate of absorption
usually help decrease stomach irritation from meds and slow rate of absorption
65
What does an empty stomach do to rate of absorption
increate rate of absorption but increase stomach irritation by meds
66
Where are meds that are absorbed in fats and lipids absorbed at
gastrointestinal tract
67
where are a meds that are alcohol base more easily absorbed
routes other than oral
68
amount of drug circulating in the blood stream
drug blood level
69
protects the brain by restricting entry of water soluble electrolytes
blood brain barrier
70
can pass into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
lipid soluble drugs
71
barrier that isnt as restrictive as the blood brain barrier
placental membrane
72
what can cross the placental membrane barrier
water and lipid soluble drugs
73
process of chemical reactions that change the drugs into water-soluble compounds for excretion
metabolism
74
Without metabolism, what would happen
the drug would continue to build up in a patient's system causing toxic effects
75
where is the primary site of drug metabolism
the liver
76
is the time the body takes to metabolize half of the available drug
half life
77
what depends on the rate at which a drug is excreted or eliminated
depends on the drug, metabolism rate, and route of adminstration
78
refers to the way in which a drug works, such as its mechanism of action in the body or the body's chemical to the drug
pharmacodynamics
79
drugs can change and modify the way the body acts but doesn't give body organs and tissues new
functions
80
happens when the expected response occurs from the drug administration
desired effect
81
occurs when a predictable but undesired response occurs
side effect
82
limited to the site of administration and the area immediately surrounding the applicaton site
local action
83
what are ex of local action drugs
topical lotions and creams applied to an area
84
study of adverse effects that chemicals or drugs can have on living organisms
toxicology
85
what is the goal of pharmacology
to select medication in a dose that produces the desired effect with minimal side effects
86
what is dosage called
therapeutic dose
87
the smallest amount of drug that would produce adverse effect in a person
toxic dose
88
druge used to counteract the effect of an excessive drug toxicity level
antidote
89
unintended and undesirable effects that result from a drug
adverse effect
90
What are more severe than side effect
adverse effects
91
may occur after only one dose of a drug has been taken
allergic reactions
92
is a medical emergency that occurs with drug administration, insect stings, and some foods
anaphylaxis
93
What is a severe life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs a short time after drug administration
anaphylaxis
94
allergic reaction symptoms
itching, rash, hive, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and swelling of eyes, lips or tongue
95
signs of hives, reddened skin, rapid swelling of mouth, throat, difficulty breathing, swelling of eyelids, lips, mouth throat, hands, and feet due to accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues (angioedema), cyanosis, hypotension, shortness of breath, vascular collapse, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest
anaphylaxis
96
is a condition in which the use of a specific med should be avoided
contraindication
97
is a compilation of information on FDA approved prescription Rx and the over the counter drugs
Physicians' Desk Reference PDR
98
when is the PRD physicians' desk reference updated
annually
99
What does a PDR Nurse's Drug Handbook contain
generic name in bold, classification, trade name, contraindications, side effects, lab test considerations, drug interactions, dosages and more
100
What are symptoms or conditions that make a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable
contraindications
101
names under which the drug is marketed
trade names
102
the type of drug or class under which the drug is listed
classification
103
concise collection of information about the given drug that is required by the FDA to describe the characteristics of the drug, legally
monograph
104
is a copy of a drug monograph that accompanies the drug in its package when distributed for sale and use
package insert
105
are a means of communication between licensed healthcare professionals and
prescriptions and medication orders
106
how medicine is absorbed into the body
routes of administration
107
medication is taken by mouth and swallowed
oral medication route
108
medications are applied to the skin and mucous membranes as topical preparations
percutaneous route
109
administered by injection
parenteral Medication
110
How are drug listings organized
by classification and subclassifications
111
are drugs that relieve pain
analgesics
112
algesi/o
means pain
113
meds that lower fevers
antipyretics
114
subclassification of analgesics
narcotics
115
Why are narcotics classified as controlled substances
they can be habit forming
116
examples of controlled substance or habit forming
morphine, codeine, oxycodone, oxycodone with acetaminophen (percocet)
117
medications that reduce or eliminate sensation
anesthetics
118
what are the four type of gen anesthetics
topical anesthetics, local anesthetics, regional, and general anesthesia
119
anesthetics that are used on the surface of the skin or other tissue
topical
120
used for anesthetizing a small part of the body. for example, once injected only affects that area
Local anesthesia
121
What are examples of local anesthetics
hydrocortisone acetate (orabase), lidocaine (xylocaine), Procaine (Novocain)
122
anesthesia that works similar way to local anesthesia but affects larger parts of body
regional anesthesia
123
Examples of regional anesthesia
spinals, epidurals, and peripheral nerve blocks
124
eliminates sensation in the whole body and renders the patient completely unconscious
General anesthesia
125
examples of general anesthesia
Halothane (Fluothane), Nitrous oxide, and Thipental (Pentothal)
126
stops growth of bacteria
antibiotic
127
Penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and quinolones
anitbiotics
128
an antibiotic that is very effective against urinary tract and GI infections
sulfa drugs
129
drugs that cause changes in cells
drug action
130
the physiological change in the body
effect
131
throughtout the body
systemic
132
limited to the area where administered
local
133
the target substance on the cell
receptor
134
the process that drugs takes to move from bloodstream across the cell membrane
distribution
135
the organ where most drugs leave
kidney
136
two or more drugs acting together without diminishing or increasing each other's effect
additive action
137
2 drugs decreasing or cancel out another's effectiveness
antagonism
138
the more a drug is given, the stronger its toxic effect on tissue
cumulative action
139
are anti-inflammatory drugs applied to the surface of the skin to relieve: pruritis, vasodilation, and inflammation
topical corticosteroids
140
prevent or relieve itchin
antipruritics
141
applied agents topically to destroy bacteria, they prevent development of infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions.
antiseptics
142
destroys and softens the outer layer of skin so that it can be shed
keratolytics
143
which keratolytic are effective in removing warts and corn?
salicylic acid
144
keratolytics can be also used to promote the shedding of scales and crusts in what?
eczema, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis
145
kills parasites that infest the skin
antiparastitics
146
medications: mebendazole. albendazole, or ivermectin
treat pinworm infections
147
what does scabicides kill
mites that causes scabies
148
What are permethrin cream, and sulfur ointment a example of
scabicides
149
what are pyrethrins and permethrin lotions an example of
meds to treat lice
150
are used to cool. cover, dry or soothe inflamed skin
astringents or protectives
151
don't penetrate the skin or soften it but form a long lasting film
protectives
152
what does protective film protect the skin from
air, water, and clothing during natural healing process
153
shrinks the blood vessels locally, dry up secretions form seeping lesions, and lessen the sensitivity of the skin
astringents
154
prescribed for pain on skin surfaces or mucous membranes caused by wounds, hemorrhoids, or sunburns
topical anesthetics
155
relieve pain and itching by numbing nerves in the skin layer or mucous membranes
topical anesthetics
156
treat conditions including infection, redness, irritation and glaucoma
eyedrops
157
used to flush, and bathe the eye, to remove foreign particles or chemical irritants
eyewashes
158
caused by abundance of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin
sunburn
159
is tneder to touch, patient complains of hot, tight feeling to the skin
mild sunburn
160
patient may experience intense pain, inabiility to tolerate contact with clothing and fever and chills
severe sunburn
161
are used to relieve the pain associated from sunburns
local anesthetics
162
sunburn protectants include
cocoa, butter, glycerin, shark liver oil, and petrolatum or petroleum jelly
163
measures the time it takes for skin to be visbily damaged by sun exposure from UVB rays
sun protection factor (SPF)
164
topically applied agents with analgesic, anesthetic, anti-itching and counterirritant effects
external analgesics
165
wht does external analgesics do
reduce symptoms caused by burns, cuts, abrasion, insect bites, and skin lesions
166
an example of a topical anti-itching agent
diphenhydramine
167
what may also be used to treat itching due to rash, ecezema or hemorrhoids
topical corticosterioids
168
are the mainstays of external products
counterirritant effects
169
what do counterirritants do
produce a mild, local, inflammatory reaction with objective of providing relief in another site, usually next to or underlying the skin surface being treated
170
where are commercial analgesic rubs
oils such as eucalyptus or turpentine, methyl salicylate, menthol, capsicum preps, camphor
171
used to counteract local infections of the skin or mucous membranes caused by bacteria or fungi
topical anti-infectives
172
drugs that are given to correct variations from normal heart rhythms
antiarrhythmic
173
are drugs that fight high blood pressure
antihypertensive drugs
174
narrow blood vessels and raise blood pressure
vasoconstrictors
175
the condition where plaque builds up in the arteries
atherosclerosis
176
break up cloths within blood vessels, effective with patients with thrombosis or embolism
anticoagulants
177
ACE end in "pril"
enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril
178
What's an annoying side effect of ACE meds
dry cough
179
Whats one positive of ARBs compared ACE
no dry cough
180
What does ARBs end with
-sartan
