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Year 2: Semester 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology by definition?

A

The study of mechanisms by which drugs affect the function of a living system.

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2
Q

What is the most lethal type of opiate?

A

Fentanyl.

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3
Q

Why is fentanyl more dangerous than heroin and morphine?

A

Fentanyl is more than 100x more potent and therefore much easier to overdose.

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4
Q

What is change in a morphine molecule occurs to form heroin?

A

Its two hydroxyl groups are substituted to MeCOO

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5
Q

What is does “Me” mean in a chemical formula?

A

Methyl

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6
Q

What does meso mean in a chemical context?

A

A compound is an isomer of another with the same structural formula but is not superimposable and has a plane of symmetry.

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7
Q

What is a key affect of opiates which make them very difficult to quit?

A

Lack of intake will cause extreme withdrawal affects e.g discomfort.

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8
Q

What is the term for opiates that form naturally within the body?

A

Endogenous opioids.

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9
Q

Why do opiates effect people?

A

They interact with receptors for endogenous opiates, due to sharing aspects of their structure.

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10
Q

What are the 3 main sources of drugs?

A

Synthetic chemicals, Plant Chemicals, Biopharmaceuticals

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11
Q

What is the difference between chemicals produced synthetically and through biopharmaceuticals?

A

chemicals produced synthetically are done solely via chemical synthesis whereas biopharmaceuticals uses living organisms to produce the desired chemicals.

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12
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical (of known structure) which when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect.

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13
Q

What types of chemicals are most commons used as to produce small molecule drugs?

A

Synthetic chemicals and plant chemicals

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14
Q

What harmful chemicals can be considered drugs under the definition of drug?

A

Toxins

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15
Q

What is a medicine?

A

A chemical preparation that usually contains one or more drugs administered to produce a therapeutic effect.

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16
Q

What compounds other than drugs are often in medicine?

A

Excipients, stabilisers, solvents.

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17
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

The addition of genetic material (via engineered viruses) to cells to prevent or alleviate or cure diseases.

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18
Q

First Generation of drugs:

A

Copies of endogenous proteins produced by recombinant DNA tech

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19
Q

Second Generation of drugs:

A

proteins are engineered to improve performance

20
Q

Why are biologic drugs difficult to get to the CNS?

A

They can’t/struggle to pass the blood/brain barrier.

21
Q

What are therapeutic antibodies:

A

Antibodies that are engineered to contains human sequences (engineered heavy chains to prevent rejection) -> light chains/ binding variable region is designed to recognise/prevent the action of a specific region

22
Q

What is the issue with monoclonal antibodies as treatment:

A

Very expensive

23
Q

What are the 4 main categories of protein affected by drugs?

A

Receptors, enzymes, transporters, and ion channels

24
Q

What is the role of receptors?

A

To recognise endogenous chemical signals (external chemical cue) to respond to changes in the internal environment.

25
Q

How are receptors classified and identified?

A

By their structure, pharmacology, and signalling mechanism.

26
Q

What are macromolecules other than proteins referred to as?

A

“Drug targets”

27
Q

What is paramount to the control of drug safety?

A

The concentration/dosage of a drug to control the extent of its affects and potential side effects.

28
Q

Why do drugs have side effects?

A

Drugs aren’t completely specific and-so can interact with other unintended drug targets.

29
Q

Why does the malfunction and loss of drug receptors lead to disease?

A

Loss/malfunction of receptors can lead to a loss in response to certain endogenous proteins.

30
Q

Purpose of antagonist drugs:

A

To prevent endogenous mediators from exerting action within the biological system.

31
Q

What receptors do Opiates act on?

A

Opioid G protein coupled receptors -> located in the brain, and gut)

32
Q

Why can overdose of opiates lead to asphyxiation:

A

They can interact with breathing centres and disrupt CO2 sensing -> leading to a low [O2] in the blood.

33
Q

What is the endogenous proteins that bind to the same receptors are opiates?

A

met-enkephalin

34
Q

What drug is an antagonist used to treat opiate overdose?

A

Naloxone

35
Q

What are the two types of drug that interact with ion channels?

A

Blockers and modulators

36
Q

What do blocker drugs do?

A

Block the permeation across ion channels

37
Q

What do modulator drugs do?

A

Increase/decrease the opening the probability of an ion channel.

38
Q

What is Lidocaine:

A

Small molecule voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker that is used as a pain killer

39
Q

How does Lidocaine operate as a pain killer>

A

Lidocaine blocks voltage-gates Na+ ion channels which prevents generation of action potentials.

40
Q

What type of drug is Valium (benzodiazepine):

A

A modulator that increases the activity of GABA-A ligand gates ion channels.

41
Q

What are the 3 types of drugs that effect enzymer?

A

Inhibitors, False substrates, and prodrugs.

42
Q

Why do some drugs cause “drowsiness”?

A

They may be able to block receptors or modulate ion channels within the CNS, by being able to pass the blood/brain barrier.

43
Q

How can you prevent/reduce drugs from making the patient drowsy?

A

By making it a larger macromolecule unable to pass the blood-brain barrier, preventing it from interfering with the CNS.

44
Q

What are examples of drugs that affect enzymes?

A

Aspirin, Viagra, and paracetamol

45
Q
A

Year 2: Semester 1 (3 decks)

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