Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the definition of bioavailability?

Answer 1

It is the fraction of given dose that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form

Question 2

Which factors affect bio availability?

Answer 2

Absorption and first pass metabolism.
If absorption is more by availability, will be more at first past metabolism is more bio availability will be less and vice versa

Question 3

What does AUC(area under graph) tells us about plasma, concentration versus time graph?

Answer 3

Tells us extent of absorption

Question 4

Acidic drug binds to which protein and basic drugs bind to which protein?

Answer 4

Acid drugs, bind to albumin and basic drugs, buy into alpha1 acid glycoprotein

Question 5

Which drugs are acidic?

Answer 5

Aspirin and barbiturates

Question 6

How to remember that drug is basic?

Answer 6

All the drugs that ends with ‘ine’

Question 7

Dialysis is done for which drugs?

Answer 7

M- methanol
L- lithium
A- aspirin

Question 8

What is the formula for volume of distribution? (Vd)

Answer 8

Vd = amount given /plasma, concentration

Question 9

How to calculate maintenance dose?

Answer 9

MD = clearance x target plasma, concentration

Question 10

What is the most common reaction in phase 1 reaction of metabolism ?

Answer 10

Oxidation

Question 11

What is the most common reaction phase to metabolic reactions?

Answer 11

Glucuronidation

Question 12

Name enzyme inducer drugs?

Answer 12

G - Griseofulvin
P - Phenytoin
R - Rifampicin
S - Smoking
Cell - Carbamazepine
Phone - Phenobarbitone

Question 13

Name the drugs that are enzyme inhibitors.

Answer 13

Vit - Valproate
K - Ketoconazole
Can’t - Cimetidine
Cause - Ciprofloxacin
Enzyme - Erythromycin
Inhibition - Isoniazid

Question 14

Which are the drugs that act on CYP3A4?

Answer 14

C - Cyclosporine
T - Tacrolimus
S - Statins
C - CAT (Cisapride, Astemizole & Terfenadine)
A - Amiodarone
N - Navirs

Question 15

Drugs that act in CYP2D6

Answer 15

2 - Beta blockers
D - antidepressants.
6 - Anti arrhythmic except Amiodarone

Question 16

Which anti-arrhythmic drug do not act on CYP2D6 enzyme?

Answer 16

Amiodarone

Question 17

Drugs that act on CYP2C19

Answer 17

Clopidogrel

Question 18

Drugs that can on CYP2C9

Answer 18

Warfarin
Heparin

Question 19

Why are PPI avoided with clopidogrel?

Answer 19

Because Roton pump and bitters inactivate the enzyme CYP2C19 which makes the clopidogrel active

Question 20

If there is poisoning of weak acid in the body such as aspirin, what is the non invasive treatment to be given?

Answer 20

We should make the urine alkaline by adding NaHCO3

Question 21

Is there is weak base poisoning in the body such as an amphetamine overdose. what is the non invasive treatments to be done?

Answer 21

We should make the urine acidic by giving NH4Cl

Question 22

Which drug prolongs the action of penicillin by inhibiting tubular secretion?

Answer 22

Probenecid

Question 23

Half-life is constant in which order kinetics?

Answer 23

First order Kennett

Question 24

How to calculate half-life (T1/2)?

Answer 24

0.693/k
Where k= Cl/Vd
So, t1/2= 0.693 X Vd/Cl

Question 25

Majority of drugs follow of which order kinetics?

Answer 25

First order kinetics

Question 26

Name the drugs that follow zero order kinetics

Answer 26

Zero - zero order kinetics W - Warfarin A - Alcohol/Aspirin T - Theophylline T - Tolbutamide Power - Phenytoin

Question 27

Lineweaver Burke plot also known as

Answer 27

Double reciprocal plot

Question 28

If the lines intersect at X axis it is which type of inhibition?

Answer 28

Competitive

Question 29

If the lines are intersecting at Y axis, which type of inhibition is it?

Answer 29

Noncompetitive

Question 30

What is the shape of log dose response curve?

Answer 30

Sigmoid shape

Question 31

In log DRC which drug is more potent and which is more efficacious?

Answer 31

H - height tells about E - efficacy L - left side drugs are more P - potent

Question 32

How to calculate therapeutic index of a drug?

Answer 32

LD50/ED50

Question 33

Which application is to be submitted for starting clinical trials for a drug?

Answer 33

INDA(in investigational new drug application)

Question 34

In which phase of clinical trials, is it done in healthy individuals

Answer 34

Phase 1

Question 35

Essy cannot be tested in which phase of clinical trials?

Answer 35

Phase 1

Question 36

What is the main aim of phase 1 of clinical trials

Answer 36

To know the MTD

Question 37

For the first time the study is done in patience, in which phase of clinical trial?

Answer 37

Phase 2

Question 38

Efficacy is tested for the first time in which phase of clinical trial?

Answer 38

Phase 2

Question 39

Which study is single blind study?

Answer 39

Phase 2

Question 40

Which phase is done in patient in a large number in clinical trials of a drug

Answer 40

Phase 3

Question 41

Confirmation of efficacy is done in which phase of clinical trial for a drug?

Answer 41

Phase 3

Question 42

Which is double blind study in clinical trial phases?

Answer 42

Phase 3

Question 43

What is done in phase 4 of clinical trials for a drug?

Answer 43

Post marketing studies, and to know rare and long-term side effects

Question 44

What is done in phase 0 of clinical trials? is it mandatory?

Answer 44

It is a microdozzing study and it is not mandatory

Question 45

Given example of schedule X and X category drugs .

Answer 45

Schedule X - narcotics and psychotropic drugs, such as ketamine X category - teratogenic drugs, such as thalidomide

Question 46

Which drugs are safe in pregnancy for hypertension?

Answer 46

Labetalol and methyldopa

Question 47

Which drugs are to be avoided in pregnancy for hypertension?

Answer 47

ACE inhibitors and ARBs

Question 48

Which anticoagulants are safe in pregnancy and contraindicated in pregnancy?

Answer 48

Heparin can be given, and warfarin is contraindicated

Question 49

Which drugs are safe in pregnancy for bipolar disorders, in which are to be avoided?

Answer 49

Antipsychotics are safe, but valproate is contraindicated and lithium should be avoided

Question 50

Which anti-thyroid drugs are safe in a pregnant woman, and are to be avoided?

Answer 50

Carbimazole is safe and pregnancy and carbazole is contraindicated during first trimester of pregnancy

Question 51

Which antimicrobials are saved during pregnancy? Which antimicrobial drugs are avoided during pregnancy?

Answer 51

Penicillin, cephalosporin, and macrolides are safe Tetracyclines, Quinolones and aminoglycosides are contraindicated

Question 52

Which an epileptic drug is safe in pregnancy?

Answer 52

Levetiracetam and Lamitrigine

Question 53

Which anti-epic drug is to be avoided in pregnancy?

Answer 53

Valproate

Question 54

What is the location of alpha one adrenergic receptor in the body? What are their actions?

Answer 54

Blood vessels - constriction of blood vessel Eye - mydriasis(dilation of the pupil) Prostatic urethra - decrease urine outflow

Question 55

Where are alpha two adrenergic receptors present in the body and what are their function?

Answer 55

Please sign, epic, receptor and act as a break to sympathetic system

Question 56

Where are beta 1 adrenergic receptors present in the body? And what are their functions?

Answer 56

Heart - increase heart rate and blood pressure JG cells - renin secretion

Question 57

Where is beta 2 adrenergic receptor present in the body?

Answer 57

Blood vessels Lungs GIT system Bladder Glands Uterus Skeletal muscle Liver

Question 58

What is the function of beta to receptor in lungs?

Answer 58

Bronchodilation

Question 59

What is the function of beta to receptor in GIT?

Answer 59

Constipation

Question 60

What is the function of beta to receptors in bladder and glands?

Answer 60

Decreases urine, outflow, and decreases secretion from the glands

Question 61

What is the function of beta to receptor on uterus?

Answer 61

It acts as a tocolytic(anti-contraction)

Question 62

What is the function of beta to receptor on blood vessels?

Answer 62

Vasodilation

Question 63

What is the function of beta to receptors on skeletal muscle spindle?

Answer 63

Cause tremor

Question 64

What is the action of beta 2 receptor on liver?

Answer 64

Increases blood sugar

Question 65

What is the effect of alpha 1and beta 2 in blood vessels?

Answer 65

Alpha 1 causes vasoconstriction and beta 2 causes vasodilation

Question 66

What are the warning symptoms of hypoglycemia? They are seen by which receptors.

Answer 66

Tachycardia(B1) Palpitations (B1) Tremors (B2) Sweating (M3)

Question 67

Why are beta blockers contraindicated in diabetic patient?

Answer 67

Because they can cause masking of warning, symptoms, and prevent reversal of hypoglycemia

Question 68

Which is the only reliable symptom of hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient who is on beta blocker medication ?

Answer 68

Sweating

Question 69

Which urgent drug acts by inhibiting reuptake of nor adrenaline

Answer 69

Cocaine

Question 70

All local anesthetic causes vasodilation, except which?

Answer 70

Cocaine

Question 71

What is the action of cocaine on blood vessels and blood pressure?

Answer 71

It causes voc, construction and hypertension

Question 72

Which addictive drug shows, tactile, hallucination, and scratching of skin as present as a clinical feature?

Answer 72

Cocaine Scratching marks are because of hallucination cocaine bugs

Question 73

A patient seems agitated, have ulcers or stretch marks on the skin and have tachycardia hypertension. What is he overdosed on?

Answer 73

Cocaine

Question 74

Cocaine overdose is characterized by which symptoms?

Answer 74

Agitation Ulcers or scratch marks on the skin Sympathetic symptoms, such as tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis

Question 75

Name six type of catecholamines

Answer 75

Adrenaline Nor adrenaline Dopamine Dobutamine Isoprenaline Fenoldopam

Question 76

What is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock?

Answer 76

Adrenaline

Question 77

What is the concentration of adrenaline in anaphylactic shock?

Answer 77

1:1000(0.5ml)

Question 78

Which drug is useful in case of cardiac arrest

Answer 78

Adrenaline

Question 79

What is the concentration of adrenaline in a case of cardiac arrest patient

Answer 79

1:10000

Question 80

What is the drug of choice for septic shock?

Answer 80

Nor adrenaline

Question 81

Nor adrenaline is the drug of choice, for which shock

Answer 81

Septic shock

Question 82

Drug of choice for oliguria + shock

Answer 82

Dopamine

Question 83

Dobutamine is used for which heart condition?

Answer 83

Chronic heart failure

Question 84

Which catecholamine drug is used for hypertensive emergencies

Answer 84

Fenoldopam

Question 85

Which catecholamine increases systolic, blood pressure decreases diastolic blood pressure

Answer 85

Isoprenaline

Question 86

Jet black discoloration of the tongue is seen with which substance?

Answer 86

Cocaine

Question 87

How to remember beta blockers?

Answer 87

All drugs ending with ‘lol’

Question 88

Adrenaline apps on which receptors ?

Answer 88

Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, beta 2