pharmacology Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
What is the indication for acyclovir?
A
Varicella zoster infection, herpes simplex (genital, non-genital/labial), cytomegalovirus prophylaxis
2
Q
What is the drug class of acyclovir?
A
Antiviral (purine analogue)
3
Q
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir?
A
Nucleoside analogue that selectively inhibits viral replication of herpes simplex and varicella zoster, by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase
4
Q
What is the drug class of adrenaline?
A
Sympathomimetic
5
Q
What are the indications for adrenaline?
A
acute anaphylaxis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation
6
Q
What is the mechanism of action of adrenaline?
A
Acts on adrenoreceptors in the same way as endogenous adrenaline, cause increased blood prssure, tachycardia and raised blood glucose
7
Q
What is the drug class of alendronate/alendronic acid?
A
Biphsophonate
8
Q
What are the indications for alendronate?
A
osteoporosis, Paget’s disease
9
Q
What is the mechanism of action of alendronate?
A
Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption by binding to bone, and becoming activated when osteoclasts attempt to break it down
10
Q
What is the drug class of allopurinol?
A
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
11
Q
What is the drug class of allopurinol?
A
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
12
Q
What are the indications for allopurinol?
A
gout prophylaxis, renal stones, hyperuricaemia
13
Q
What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?
A
Inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for converting the precursors of uric acid, reducing plasma and urinary uric acid concentrations
14
Q
What is the drug class of alteplase?
A
Fibrinolytic/thrombolytics
15
Q
What are the indications for alteplase?
A
Ischaemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, acute MI
16
Q
What is the mechanism of action of alteplase?
A
Catalyses the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which is then used to enzymatically cleave fibrin, breaking down blood clots
17
Q
What is the drug class of amiodarone?
A
Class III anti-arrhythmic/potassium channel blocker
18
Q
What are the indications for amiodarone?
A
Atrial fibrillation/flutter, tachyarrhythmias, tachycardias
19
Q
What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone?
A
Blocks potassium channels, which in the heart causes an increased refractory period of the myocardium and atria, slowing heart rate and increasing coronary blood flow
20
Q
What is the drug class of amitriptyline?
A
Tricyclic antidepressant
21
Q
What are the indications for amitriptyline?
A
Depression, chronic/neurogenic pain
22
Q
What is the mechanism of action for amitriptyline?
A
Non-selectively Inhibits NA (noradrenaline) and 5-HT (serotonin) reuptake by inhibiting membrane pump mechanisms
23
Q
What is the drug class of aspirin?
A
NSAID/anti-platelet
24
Q
What are the indications for aspirin?
A
angina, pain, pyrexia, thrombotic prophylaxis, acute thrombosis (e.g. MI)
25
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis to reduce inflammation, and blocks thromboxane to prevent platelet aggregation
26
What is the drug class of atorvastatin?
Statin
27
What are the indications for atorvastatin?
hypercholesterolaemia/hyperlipidaemia, prevention of CVD
28
What is the mechanism of action of atorvastatin?
Inhibits the HMG-reductase enzyme, which reduces the synthesis of cholesterol, and up-regulates LDL receptors to further lower plasma cholesterol.
29
What is the drug class of atropine?
Anti-muscarinic
30
What are the indications for atropine?
Bradycardia
31
What is the mechanism of action of atropine?
antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, decreasing parasympathetic activity at the SA node, thereby increasing heart rate
32
What is the drug class of bendrofluazide?
Thiazide diuretic
33
What are the indications for bendrofluazide?
hypokalemia, hyponatremia, Addison’s disease, renal impairment
34
What is the mechanism of action of bendrofluazide?
Increases sodium, and therefore water reabsorption in the distal tubule. This increases potassium excretion via Na/K exchane
35
What is the drug class of carbamazepine?
Antiepileptic
36
What are the indications for carbamazepine?
epilepsy (partial seizures), diabetic neuropahty, acute mania, bipolar disorder
37
What is the mechanism of action of carbamazepine?
Sodium channel blocker that stabilises hyper-excited nerve membranes
38
What is the drug class of levodopa?
Depoaminergic agent
39
What are the indications for levodopa?
Parkinson’s disease
40
What is the mechanism of action of levodopa?
Acts as a precursor of dopamine, that is converted in the brain to replenish striatal dopamine that is lost in Parkinson’s
41
What is the drug class of ceftriaxone?
Cephalosporin antibiotic
42
What are the indications for ceftriaxone?
otitis media, sepsis, UTIs, meningitis, gonococcal infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, low resp infections
43
What is the mechanism of action of ceftriaxone?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis of gram-negative bacteria
44
What is the drug class of cilazapril?
ACE inhibitor
45
What are the indications for cilazapril?
hypertension, congestive heart failure
46
What is the mechanism of action of cilazapril?
Suppresses the RAAS system by inhibiting the conversion of Ang I to Ang II via the ACE enzyme. This results in vasodilation, lowered blood pressure and renal efferent arteriole vasodilation to protect the kidneys
47
What is the drug class of clozapine?
Antipsychotic
48
What are the indications for clozapine?
Schizophrenia
49
What are the indications for clozapine?
Schizophrenia
50
What is the mechanism of action of clozapine?
Dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist
51
What is the drug class of codeine?
Opioid analgesic
52
What are the indications of codeine?
pain
53
What is the mechanism of action of codeine?
Agonist of mu opioid receptors in the CNS, and is also converted to morphine which has similar effects
54
What is the drug class of dabigatran?
Anticoagulant
55
What are the indications for dabigatran?
previous stroke/TIA, embolism, heart failure
56
What is the mechanism of action of dabigatran?
Direct inhibitor of thrombin
57
What is the drug class of diazepam?
Benzodiazipine
58
What are the indications for diazepam?
acute disabling anxiety, peri-operative sedation, status epilepticus
59
What is the mechanism of action of diazepam?
Increases CNS inhibition, by acting as allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors, increasing GABA binding
60
What is the drug class of diclofenac?
NSAID
61
What are the indications for diclofenac?
musculoskeletal pain, inflammatory disease (RA, gout, ankylosing spondylitis)
62
What is the mechanism of action of diclofenac?
Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to reduce prostaglandin synthesis, reducing inflammation
63
What is the drug class of digoxin?
Cardiac glycoside
64
What are the indications for digoxin?
Heart failure, supraventricular arrhythmias
65
What is the mechanism of action of digoxin?
Increases myocardial contractility and reduces heart rate by decreasing action of the Na/K ATPase channel in the heart
66
What is the drug class of diltiazem?
Calcium Channel Blocker
67
What are the indications for diltiazem?
Angina, hypertension
68
What is the mechanism of action of diltiazem?
Inhibitis the slow inward current of calcium ions via L-type calcium channels in the heart, thereby reducing heart rate and blood pressure.
69
What is the drug class of doxazosin?
Alpha-1 antagonist
70
What are the indications for doxazosin?
hypertension, benign prostatic hypertrophy
71
What is the mechanism of action of doxazosin?
Blocks alpha-1 adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. In the prostate, will reduce smooth muscle activity, reducing urinary outlet obstruction
72
What is the drug class of enalapril?
ACE inhibitor
73
What are the indications for enalapril?
hypertenion, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy
74
What are the indications for enalapril?
hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy
75
What is the mechanism of action of enalapril?
Suppresses the RAAS system by inhibiting conversion of Ang I to Ang II via ACE. This reduces blood pressure and reduces glomerular pressure and increases renal blood fow
76
What is the drug class of enoxaparin?
Low molecule weight heparin
77
What are the indications for enoxaparin?
unstable angina, DVT prophylaxis, DVT/PE, acute STEMI
78
What is the mechanism of action of enoxaparin?
Increases the activity of anti-thrombin, decreasing thrombin formation and ultimately preventing the development of a fibrin clot
79
What is the drug class of erythromycin?
Macrolide antibiotic
80
What are the indications for erythromycin?
community acquired pneumonia, campylobacter enterocolitis, other bacterial infections
81
What is the mechanism of action of erythromysin?
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome
82
What is the drug class of fluexitine?
Selective Seretonin Reputake inhibitor
83
What are the indications for fluoxetine?
depression, OCD
84
What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine?
Inhibits serotonin reuptake transporters in the synaptic cleft, increasing synaptic concentration/duration of serotonin
85
What is the drug class of frusemide?
Loop diuretic
86
What are the indications for frusemide?
oedema, resistant hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, heart failure
87
What is the mechanism of action of frusemide?
Inhibits NKCC2 co-transporters in the loop of Henle, reducing reabsorption of sodium, potassium and calcium, and preventing formation of a HOMG, reducing water reabsorption.
88
What is the drug class of empaglifozin?
SGLT-2 inhibitor
89
What are the indications for empaglifozin?
Type 2 Diabetes
90
What is the mechanism of action of empagliflozin?
Selectively inhibits SGLT-2 transporters in the proximal tubule, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion and reduced plasma glucose. Also reduces sodium reabsorption which has a diuretic effect, reducing blood pressure.
91
What is the drug class of gentamicin?
aminoglycoside antibiotic
92
What are the indications for gentamicin?
sepsis, CNS infections, acute pyelonephritis, pneumonia
93
What is the mechanism of action of gentamicin?
Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome
94
What is the drug class of gliclazide?
Sulfonylurea
95
What are the indications for gliclazide?
Type 2 Diabetes
96
What is the mechanism of action of gliclazide?
Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-Cels by increasing their sensitivity to glucose.
97
What is the drug class of haloperidol?
Antipsychotic
98
What is the drug class of haloperidol?
Antipsychotic
99
What are the indications of haloperidol?
schizophrenia, mania, impulsive behaviour
100
What is the mechanism of action of haloperidol?
Dopamine receptor antagonist, reducing hallucinations, delusions and psychosis
101
up to insulin :)
102
What is the drug class of lignocaine/lidocaine?
Infiltration anaesthesia, nerve blocks, surface anaesthesia (spray/cream/patch)
103
What is the mechanism of action of lignocaine?
Blocks voltage gated sodium channels in peripheral nerves to prevent the transmission of action potentials, particularly pain signals
104
What is the drug class of lithium?
Mood stabiliser
105
What are the indications for lithium?
Acute mania, bipolar depression, prophylaxis of bipolar
106
What is the mechanism of action of lithium?
Unknown - likely involves inhibiting enzymes involved in neural plasticity
107
What is the drug class of losartan?
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB)
108
What are the indications for losartan?
Hypertension, heart failure, cardio-renal disease
109
What is the mechanism of action of losartan?
Antagonist of the Ang I receptor, blocking the effects of Ang II and therefore causing vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion and reduced fibrosis
110
What is the drug class of metformin?
Biguanide antidiabetic
111
What are the indications for metformin?
Type 2 Diabetes, PCOS
112
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization.
113
What is the drug class of metaclopramide?
Antiemetic (dopamine antagonist)
114
What are the indications for metaclopramide?
nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia
115
What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?
Antagonist of dopamine, that increases upper GI motility and increases gastric emptying to reduce nausea and vomiting
116
What is the drug class of metoprolol?
Beta Blocker
117
What are the indications for metoprolol?
angina, arrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, migraine
118
What is the mechanism of action of metoprolol?
Blocks Beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, reducing activity of the SA node to reduce heart rate and increase time in diastole to improve coronary perfusion
119
What is the drug class of naloxone?
Opioid receptor antagonist
120
What are the indications for naloxone?
Narcotic overdose
121
What is the mechanism of action of naloxone?
Competitive antagonist at opioid receptors
122
What is the drug class of penicillin?
Beta lactam antibiotic
123
What are the indications for penicillin?
otitis media, endocarditis, community acquired pneumonia
124
What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
Inhibits prosteglycan cross linking in the bacterial cell wall
125
What is the drug class of phenytoin?
Antiepileptic
126
What are the indications for valproate?
epilepsy (excluding a absence seizures), status epilepticus,
127
What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?
Stabilises sodium channels in nerves, to prevent the spread of seizure activity
128
What is the drug class of prednisone?
Corticosteroid/glucocorticoid
129
What are the indications for prednisone?
dermatological conditions, asthma, emphysema, adrenal hyperplasia, leukaemia, inflammatory conditions (RA, gout, etc.)
130
What is the mechanism of action of prednisone?
Is a glucocorticoid, which activates cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors which alter gene expression, leading to anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects
131
What is the drug class of propofol?
IV general anaesthetic
132
What are the indications for propofol?
inducing/maintaining anaesthesia, sedation for procedures/ventilation
133
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
Acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist, causing reversible global CNS depression.
134
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
Acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist, causing reversible global CNS depression.
135
What is the drug class of simvastatin?
Statin
136
What are indications for simvastatin?
dyslipidaemia, familial hypercholesterolaemia, CVD
137
What is the mechanism of action of simvastatin?
Inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, which decrease the synthesis of cholesterol. This results in an upregulation in LDL receptors which increases LDL uptake and lowers plasma levels.
138
What is the drug class of spironolactone?
Potassium sparing diuretic
139
What is the drug class of spironolactone?
Potassium sparing diuretic
140
What are the indications for spironolactone?
Oedema/ascites in liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, heart failure oedema, resistant hypertension
141
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone?
Antagonist of aldosterone, which acts by competitively binding to aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule, to lower activity of the Na/K pump, resulting in decreased sodium reabsorption and decreased potassium excretion (thus, potassium sparing).
Also has an anti-androgen effect, which is effective in treating female hirsutism
142
What is the drug class of valproate?
Anti-epileptic
143
What are the indications for valproate?
Epilepsy, mania/bipolar
144
What is the mechanism of action of valproate?
Blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels in the brain and potentiation of inhibitory action of GABA, reducing seizure activity
145
What is the drug class of warfarin?
anticoagulant
146
What are indications for warfarin?
VTE/PE, stroke prophylaxis after MI/AF, thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with prosthetic heart valves
147
What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?
Inhibits Vitamin K reductase, which reduces levels of Vitamin K, which are needed for the gamma-carboxylation of Factors X, IX, VII and II (prothrombin). This results in an ability for the coagulation cascade to produce a fibrin clot
