pharmacology

Question 1

Cytochrome P-450

Answer 1

A key liver enzyme responsible for oxidation/reduction reactions in drug metabolism.
(phase I - microsomal enzyme)

Question 2

Glucuronidation

Answer 2

A Phase II metabolism reaction that conjugates drugs with glucuronic acid to facilitate inactivation and excretion.
(example : paracetamol)

Question 3

First-Pass Effect

Answer 3

Liver metabolism before systemic circulation that reduces the bioavailability of orally administered drugs.

Question 4

Enterohepatic Circulation

Answer 4

Process where drugs cycle between the liver and intestines, prolonging their effects (e.g., Morphine).

Question 5

Isoniazid (INH) Metabolism

Answer 5

Undergoes Phase II acetylation before Phase I hydrolysis, opposite of most drugs.
(acetylation)

Question 6

Thiopental by oxidation reaction converting into

Answer 6

Pentobarbital.

Question 7

Prednisone by reduction reaction converting into

Answer 7

Prednisolone

Question 8

Prodrug activation where( Codeine ) is metabolized into

Answer 8

Morphine

Question 9

( Clopidogrel ) by Prodrug activation, requiring liver metabolism to produce

Answer 9

(active thiol metabolite) for antiplatelet effects.

Question 10

(Methanol) metabolism produces

Answer 10

(Formaldehyde), which can cause blindness and toxicity.

Question 11

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Answer 11

Overdose leads to (NAPQI accumulation), causing liver failure if glutathione is depleted.

Question 12

Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme Inducers

Answer 12

Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Rifampicin

Question 13

Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme Inhibitors

Answer 13

Grapefruit Juice, Sodium Valproate, Erythromycin, Omeprazole

Question 14

pseudo-cholinesterase Deficiency

Answer 14

Genetic disorder causing prolonged effects of Succinylcholine, leading to extended neuromuscular blockade.

Question 15

Gray Baby Syndrome

Answer 15

Fatal condition in neonates due to an inability to metabolize Chloramphenicol, causing toxicity and cyanosis.

Question 16

Alkalinization of urine enhances excretion of

Answer 16

weak acids (e.g., Aspirin).

Question 17

Acidification of urine enhances excretion of

Answer 17

weak bases (e.g., Amphetamine).

Question 18

Ampicillin & Biliary Excretion

Answer 18

Ampicillin is excreted in bile in an active form, making it useful for (Cholecystitis treatment).

Question 19

Reduce hepatic blood flow???

Answer 19

Propranolol & Cimetidine

Question 20

Enzyme inducers that accelerate metabolism of multiple drugs, reducing their plasma concentration.

Answer 20

Phenytoin & Carbamazepine

Question 21

Powerful enzyme inducer,

Answer 21

Rifampicin

Question 22

Potent enzyme inhibitors, slowing drug metabolism and increasing toxicity risk.

Answer 22

Erythromycin & Omeprazole

Question 23

non-volatile drugs and metabolites are excreted in

Answer 23

URINE

Question 24

Neostigmin

Answer 24

ionized - poor absorption

Question 25

amphelamine

Answer 25

weak base drug

Question 26

physostigmin

Answer 26

non-ionized - better absorption

Question 27

digoxin

Answer 27

slow absorption

Question 28

paracetamol & propranolol

Answer 28

rapid absorption

Question 29

what is the effect of milk calcium

Answer 29

low oral absorption of tetracyclines

Question 30

gastroparesis (e.g in diabetes)

Answer 30

slow gastric emptying

Question 31

opoids (morphin) & anticholinergics

Answer 31

delay gastric emptying

Question 32

prokinetics (e.g, metoclopramide)

Answer 32

accelerate gastric emptying

Question 33

loperamide

Answer 33

anti-diarrheals

Question 34

diazepam

Answer 34

basic drug

Question 35

cholestyramine & charcoal

Answer 35

reduce absorption of many drugs by adsorption

Question 36

tetracycline

Answer 36

reduce calcium & iron absorption by chelation

Question 37

lung metabolize

Answer 37

prostagmine & nicotin

Question 38

G.I.T & gut flora metabolize

Answer 38

tyrmine & histamine

Question 39

plasma choline esterase inactivate??

Answer 39

acetyl choline