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Block 4 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotretinoin

A

Accutane
Acne; Vitamin A derivative
Alters gene expression; causes birth defects; Young females have to be on birthcontrol pills before Accutane is prescribed

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2
Q

ddI (Dideoxyinosine)

A

ddI, Videx, etc.
antiviral
inhibits DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase; chain terminator

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3
Q

Zidovudine (AZT)

A

AZT, Retrovir
antiviral
inhibits DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase; chain terminator

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4
Q

DNAase

A

Dornase
clear bronchioles clogged with viscous DNA (as in Cystic fibrosis)
degrades viscous DNA and helps clear lungs

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5
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

Hydrea
Sickle cell anemia
Cytotoxic drug; increases expression of fetal hemoglobin

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6
Q

Imatinib

A

Gleevec
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
inhibits fusion kinase present only in cancer cells

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7
Q

Allopurinol

A

Lopurin, etc.
Inhibits Xanthine oxidase; decreases plasma uric acid levels
treat chronic gout

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8
Q

Methotrexate

A

MTX, Amethopterin

inhibits DHFR enzyme; no nucleotides made anti-cancer agent

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9
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Cipro
antibiotics
inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase / topoisomerase

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10
Q

Metronidazole

A

Flagyl
antibiotic
treat Bacterial and parasitic infections

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11
Q

Tetracycline

A

Tetracyn
antibiotic
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

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12
Q

Rifamycin

A

Rifampin, etc
antibiotic, anti-TB
Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase; also mitochondrial RNA polymerase

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13
Q

Cortisone / Cortisol (steroid)

A

Cortone
Glucocoticoid & a mineralocorticoid
Natural hormone made by adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Fluticasone (a steroid)

A

Flonase
a steroid; used to treat asthma; COPD, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis
Anti-inflammatory drug

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15
Q

Prednisone (a steroid)

A

Orasone; Delatasone
Inhibits phospholipase A2; results in less Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes
Anti-inflammatory drug

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16
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Restasis, Sandimmune, etc.

Inhibit helper T cell activation via calcineurin Prevent rejection of transplanted organs

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17
Q

Tacrolimus

A

Prograf

Inhibit helper T cell activation via calcineurin Prevent rejection of transplanted organs

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18
Q

Rapamycin

A

Sirolimus
Inhibit helper T cell activation by inhibiting protein synthesis (via mTOR pathway)
Prevent rejection of transplanted organs; for coating stents inserted into cardiac vasculature / coronary arteries

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19
Q

Folate (folic acid)

A

Needed for synthesis of nucleotides / DNA synthesis

Treat Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia

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20
Q

Iron / Ferrus iron

A

Microcytic anemia

Iron, porphyrin and globin are required for assembling hemoglobin

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21
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Needed for synthesis of nucleotides / DNA synthesis

treat Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia; treating neuropathy due to B12 deficiency

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22
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Epogen

Promotes RBC formation; growth factor for RBCs Kidney problems, after chemotherapy

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23
Q

Glucagon

A

protein hormone released by alpha cells of pancreas

hunger signal; promotes gluconeogenesis; antidote to treat overdose of beta blockers

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24
Q

Insulin

A

protein hormone released by pancreatic beta cells anabolic, promotes transport of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, K+) into cells and promotes growth

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25
Growth hormone (GH)
Promotes growth; prevents protein degradation GH works via somatomendins (made by liver)
26
Leptin
protein hormone released by adipocytes | satiety (food is enough) signal; leptin deficient mice are obese; no success in human trials
27
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
a peptide hormone secreted by parathyroid glands Increases serum Ca2+ levels and lowers serum phosphate levels
28
Calcitonin
a peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid Decreases both serum Ca2+ and phosphate levels; calcitonin, calcium into the bone
29
Vitamin D
Steroid hormone - a fat-soluble vitamin Increases both serum Ca2+ and phosphate levels
30
Vitamin K
involved in activation (by gamma-carboxylation) of blood clotting factors deficiency leads to prolonged bleeding time; inability to clot blood
31
Heparin (****parin)
activates anti-thrombin | anti-coagulant
32
Aspirin
Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, less prostaglandins made | prolongs bleeding time; also used to treat fever, pain and inflammation
33
Warfarin
Coumadin Vitamin K antagonist anti-coagulant
34
Clopidogrel
Plavix Irreversible inhibitor of adenosine receptors on platelets anti-coagulant
35
Acetaminophen
Tylenol Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, less prostaglandins made; CNS preference pain reliever, reduce fever
36
Ibuprofen
NSAID; inhibits COX, less prostaglandins made pain reliever, reduce fever and anti-inflammatory
37
Indomethacin
NSAID; inhibits COX, less prostaglandins made pain reliever, reduce fever and anti-inflammatory
38
Opium (opioids)
Opiods from opium plant (many alkaloids, morphine main ingredient)
39
Codeine
works via m, d, g receptors (inhibitory) narcotic pain reliever
40
Morphine
works via m, d, g receptors (inhibitory) narcotic pain reliever
41
Heroin
works via m, d, g receptors (inhibitory) narcotic, addictive and drug of abuse
42
Loperamide
Imodium | stays in GI tract; slows down peristalsis common anti-diarrheal drug
43
Naloxone
Opiod antagonist | treat opioid overdose
44
Insulin
binds a surface receptor, activates intrinsic tyrosine kinase antagonistic to glucagon; lowers blood glucose levels
45
Glucagon
activates glucagon receptors (G protein-coupled) antagonistic to insulin; increases blood glucose levels
46
Metformin
Glucophage Insulin sensitizer; # 1 target is liver Treat type 2 diabetes
47
Sulfonyl ureas
Amaryl, etc. | Close K+ channels in beta cells; oral hypoglycemic; more insulin released
48
Acarbose
Precose amylase inhibitors in GI tract Treat type 2 diabetes
49
Miglitol
Glyset amylase inhibitors in GI tract Treat type 2 diabetes
50
Rosiglitazone
TZDs | Insulin sensitizer; mostly in adipose tissue
51
Pioglitazone
TZDs | Insulin sensitizer; mostly in adipose tissue
52
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide)
One of the Incretins that increases insulin release Treat type 2 diabetes
53
Statins (****statin)
Eg. Lovastatin inhibits cholesterol synthesis competitively inhibits key enzyme HMG-CoA reductase
54
Orlistat
Alli, Xenical | inhibits gastric & pancreatic lipases, so triglycerides cannot be broken down in the intestine
55
Fibrates
Tricor, etc activate lipoprotein lipase decreases plasma lipid levels
56
Ezetimibe
Zetia Prevents cholesterol absorption in intestine treat hyperlipidemias
57
Niacin
Inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase | treat hyperlipidemias
58
Probucol
Bezalip | Prevent oxidation of LDL; poorly understood treat hyperlipidemias
59
Cholestipol
Cholestid | bind, squester and remove bile acids via feces treat hyperlipidemias
60
Fish oil
mechanism not clear; lowers LDL, increases HDL treat hyperlipidemias
61
Anti-oxidants
Prevent oxidation of LDL
62
Omeprazole (****prazole)
Prilosec PPI; binds irreversibly to proton pump and inactivates it. Decrease acid secretion
63
Cimetidine (****tidine)
``` Tagamet H2 (Histamine type 2) receptor blockers Decrease acid secretion ```
64
Misoprostol
Cytotec PGE2 analog; decrease acid secretion, promote mucus secretion treat adverse effects of NSAIDs
65
Acetylcholine
Increases GI motility and secretions
66
Dicyclomine
Muscarinic antagonist; decreases acid secretion not a preferred drug due to many side effects
67
Histamine
H2 receptor activation; increases acid secretion
68
Gastrin
peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid
69
Somatostatin
suppresses the release of GI hormones & pancreatic enzymes
70
CCK
peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein by increasing the release of pancreatic enzymes & bile
71
PGE2 (prostaglandin)
Inhibits acid secretion by parietal cells
72
Alcohol
Depresses CNS
73
Disulfiram
Antabuse Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase treat alcoholics; Acetaldehyde accumulations promotes nausea, vomiting
74
Estrogen replacement
sex hormone
75
Raloxifene (SERM)
agonist in bone, antagonist / partial agonist elsewhere
76
Ibandronate (****dronate)
Bisphosphonates, decrease osteoclast activity
77
Bethanechol
Cholinergic agonist
78
Carbachol
Cholinergic agonist
79
Methacholine
Cholinergic agonist
80
Pilocarpine
Pilopine | Muscarinic agonist
81
Nicotine
agonist at nicotinic receptors (blocker at high conc)
82
Muscarine
agonsit at muscarinic receptors
83
Edrophonium
Enlon Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor Short half life of minutes; used to test for myasthenia gravis (Tensilon test)
84
Neostigmine (****stigmine)
Prostigmin Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor treat Myasthenia gravis
85
Pyridostigmine (****stigmine)
Mestinon Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor treat Myasthenia gravis
86
Physostigmine (****stigmine)
Antilirium Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor also enters CNS; treat overdose of atropine
87
Donepezil
Aricept Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor (CNS) Alzheimer's disease
88
Rivastigmine
Exelon Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor (CNS) Alzheimer's disease
89
Atropine
Atropin | Muscarinic blocker; enters CNS at high conc. treat organophosphate poisoning
90
Scopalamine
Hyoscine | Muscarinic blocker; also readily enters CNS Transdermal patch / prevent motion sickness
91
Ipratropium
``` ****tropium Muscarinic blocker (prefers lungs) ```
92
Glycopyrrolate
Robinul | Muscarinic blocker
93
Pralidoxime (PAM)
Protopam | Antidote to insecticide (nerve gas) poisoning Recovers acetylcholine esterase activity if given early
94
Organophosphates
Nerve gases | Irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine inhibitors used as insecticides, warfare
95
Sarin
Nerve gas | Irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine inhibitors used as insecticides, warfare
96
Echothiophate
Phospholine | Irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine inhibitors used to treat glaucoma
97
Succinylcholine
Anectine | Depolarizing NMJ blocker
98
Curare
***CUR*** | Non Depolarizing NMJ blockers
99
Gallamine
Flaxedil | Non Depolarizing NMJ blockers
100
Botulinum toxin
Botox Cleaves SNAP-25 protein required for docking of acetylcholine-containing vesicles; prevents acetylcholine release mostly cosmetic use; approved for treating focal dystonias
101
Dantrolene
Dantrium inhibit release of calcium from sarcoplasm Treat malignant hyperthermia
102
Isoproterenol
Isuprel | beta1 = beta2
103
Dopamine
Intropin | dose-dependent
104
Epinephrine
Adrenaline alpha and beta neurotransmitter released by adrenal medulla; emergency signal
105
Norepinephrine
Levofed alpha and beta1 (no beta 2) neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerve terminals
106
Phenylephrine
Neo-Synephrine | alpha-1 agonist
107
Terazosin (****azosin)
Hytrin alpha-1 blocker treat hypertension
108
Phenoxybenzamine
Dibenzline alpha-1 blocker (irreversible) treat pheochromocytoma
109
Tamsulosin
Flomax alpha1a blocker treat benign prostate hypertrophy
110
Clonidine
Catapres alpha-2 agonist emergency anti-hypertensive
111
Alpha-methyldopa
Aldomet prodrug; alpha-2 agonist choice anti-hypertensive during pregnancy
112
Yohimbine
Yobine lpha-2 blocker erectile dysfunction???
113
Dobutamine
Dobutrex beta-1 agonist
114
Propranolol (****olol)
Inderal beta blocker beta 1 = beta 2 (gold standard)
115
Acebutolol
b1-selective blockers
116
Betaxolol
b1-selective blockers
117
Esmolol
b1-selective blockers
118
Atenolol
b1-selective blockers
119
Metaprolol
b1-selective blockers
120
Pindolol
Partial agonist
121
Acebutolol
Partial agonist
122
Labetalol
Trandate alpha 1 blocker and beta blocker Anti-hypertensive
123
Carvedilol
Coreg alpha 1 blocker and beta blocker Anti-hypertensive
124
Albuterol (****terol)
Ventolin beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle treat asthma, COPD
125
Salmeterol
Serevent beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle treat asthma, COPD
126
Metaproterenol
beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle | treat asthma, COPD
127
Terbutaline
Brethine beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle treat asthma, COPD
128
Ritodrine
Yutopar beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle treat premature uterine contractions
129
Theophylline
inhibits cAMP PDE in lungs; low therapeutic index Bronchodilator
130
Cromolyn Sodium
Nasalcrom Stabilizes mast cell membrane; Inhibits degranulation prophylactic treatment for asthma
131
Tyramine
Efexor | precursor to norepinephrine; rich in wines and cheese; these foods are contraindicated in patients on MAO inhibitors
132
Ephedrine
Ephedrine
133
Amphetamine
Adderall
134
Methylphenidate
Ritalin
135
COMT inhibitor
Entacapone (Comtan) COMT is the enzyme that inactivates catecholamines increase catecholamines
136
MAO inhibitor
Selegiline (Deprenyl) | MAO is an enzyme that inactivates catecholamines increase catecholamines like dopamine; treatment fpr Parkinson's
137
Cocaine
drug of abuse | inhibits reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and NE addictive and has many other CNS effects
138
Tricyclic anti-depressants
Depranil, Elavil Imipramine, amitryptaline; inhibits reuptahe of NE and serotonin
139
SSRIs
Prozac, Zoloft, etc. Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft), etc. have adrenergic side effects anti-depressants; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
140
Diazepam (****zepam)
Valium Benzos increase Cl- current anti-anxiety drugs
141
Flunitrazepam
Rohypnol, Roofies, etc. Benzos; increase Cl- current banned in USA; date rape drug
142
Lidocaine (****caine)
Blocks Na+ channels; no nerve transmission Local anesthetic
143
Histamine
Local vasodilator
144
Diphenhydramine
Benadryl H1 (histamine-1) blocker treat allergies
145
Cimetidine (****tidine)
Tagamet H2 (histamine-2) blocker reduce acid secretion
146
Adenosine
Adenocard | Local vasodilator; short half-life of seconds
147
Endothelin
Praxilene | Peptide hormone; synergistic with RAAS pathway constricts blood vessels
148
Bosentan
Tracleer | Endothelin antagonist treat pulmonary hypertension
149
Nifedipine (****dipine)
Procardia blocks Ca2+ channels; Vasculature >> Cardiac anti-hypertensive
150
Verapamil
Ca2+ channel blocker; cardiac >> Vasculature
151
Diltiazem
Ca2+ channel blocker; Vasculature = Cardiac
152
Hydralazine
Apresoline Arterial vasodilator; open K+ channels
153
Minoxidil
Rogain, Regaine Arterial vasodilator; open K+ channels | Topical for hair growth
154
Digitalis, Digoxin
Dig an inotrope; treatment for heart failure inhibits Na/K ATPase pump; increase cytosolic calcium levels; increases ontractility and cardiac output
155
Milrinone (****none)
Primacor | cAMP PDE inhibitor; heart / vasculature
156
Sildenafil (****afil)
Viagra cGMP PDE5 inhibitor Treat erectile dysfunction
157
Aldosterone
Retains Na+
158
Spiranolactone
Aldactone aldosterone antagonist diuretic; K+ sparing
159
ADH (anti-diuretc hormone)
retains water
160
Renin
protein hormone - RAAS pathway
161
Aliskiren
Tekturna Renin inhibitor anti-hypertensive
162
Angiotensin II
peptide hormone; RAAS pathway | Raises BP in hospital settings
163
Bradykinin
Peptide hormone; antagonistic to RAAS pathway Vasodilator; lowers BP
164
ANF or ANP
Peptide hormone; antagonistic to RAAS pathway
165
Nesiritide
Natrecor ANF agonist, peptide, has to be given IM / IV Treat pulmonary hypertension
166
Furosemide
Lasix Loop diuretic Treat edema, CHF
167
Chlorothiazide
Diuril Thiazide diuretic; works in DCT Treat hypertension
168
Lisinopril (****pril)
Vasotec ACE inhibitor Treat hypertension
169
Losartan (****sartan)
Cozaar ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) Treat hypertension

Block 4 (1 decks)

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