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Block 4 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Isotretinoin

A

Accutane
Acne; Vitamin A derivative
Alters gene expression; causes birth defects; Young females have to be on birthcontrol pills before Accutane is prescribed

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2
Q

ddI (Dideoxyinosine)

A

ddI, Videx, etc.
antiviral
inhibits DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase; chain terminator

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3
Q

Zidovudine (AZT)

A

AZT, Retrovir
antiviral
inhibits DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase; chain terminator

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4
Q

DNAase

A

Dornase
clear bronchioles clogged with viscous DNA (as in Cystic fibrosis)
degrades viscous DNA and helps clear lungs

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5
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

Hydrea
Sickle cell anemia
Cytotoxic drug; increases expression of fetal hemoglobin

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6
Q

Imatinib

A

Gleevec
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
inhibits fusion kinase present only in cancer cells

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7
Q

Allopurinol

A

Lopurin, etc.
Inhibits Xanthine oxidase; decreases plasma uric acid levels
treat chronic gout

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8
Q

Methotrexate

A

MTX, Amethopterin

inhibits DHFR enzyme; no nucleotides made anti-cancer agent

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9
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Cipro
antibiotics
inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase / topoisomerase

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10
Q

Metronidazole

A

Flagyl
antibiotic
treat Bacterial and parasitic infections

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11
Q

Tetracycline

A

Tetracyn
antibiotic
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

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12
Q

Rifamycin

A

Rifampin, etc
antibiotic, anti-TB
Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase; also mitochondrial RNA polymerase

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13
Q

Cortisone / Cortisol (steroid)

A

Cortone
Glucocoticoid & a mineralocorticoid
Natural hormone made by adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Fluticasone (a steroid)

A

Flonase
a steroid; used to treat asthma; COPD, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis
Anti-inflammatory drug

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15
Q

Prednisone (a steroid)

A

Orasone; Delatasone
Inhibits phospholipase A2; results in less Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes
Anti-inflammatory drug

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16
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Restasis, Sandimmune, etc.

Inhibit helper T cell activation via calcineurin Prevent rejection of transplanted organs

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17
Q

Tacrolimus

A

Prograf

Inhibit helper T cell activation via calcineurin Prevent rejection of transplanted organs

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18
Q

Rapamycin

A

Sirolimus
Inhibit helper T cell activation by inhibiting protein synthesis (via mTOR pathway)
Prevent rejection of transplanted organs; for coating stents inserted into cardiac vasculature / coronary arteries

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19
Q

Folate (folic acid)

A

Needed for synthesis of nucleotides / DNA synthesis

Treat Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia

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20
Q

Iron / Ferrus iron

A

Microcytic anemia

Iron, porphyrin and globin are required for assembling hemoglobin

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21
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Needed for synthesis of nucleotides / DNA synthesis

treat Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia; treating neuropathy due to B12 deficiency

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22
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Epogen

Promotes RBC formation; growth factor for RBCs Kidney problems, after chemotherapy

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23
Q

Glucagon

A

protein hormone released by alpha cells of pancreas

hunger signal; promotes gluconeogenesis; antidote to treat overdose of beta blockers

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24
Q

Insulin

A

protein hormone released by pancreatic beta cells anabolic, promotes transport of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, K+) into cells and promotes growth

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25
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Promotes growth; prevents protein degradation GH works via somatomendins (made by liver)

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26
Q

Leptin

A

protein hormone released by adipocytes

satiety (food is enough) signal; leptin deficient mice are obese; no success in human trials

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27
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

a peptide hormone secreted by parathyroid glands Increases serum Ca2+ levels and lowers serum phosphate levels

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28
Q

Calcitonin

A

a peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid
Decreases both serum Ca2+ and phosphate levels; calcitonin, calcium into the bone

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29
Q

Vitamin D

A

Steroid hormone - a fat-soluble vitamin Increases both serum Ca2+ and phosphate levels

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30
Q

Vitamin K

A

involved in activation (by gamma-carboxylation) of blood clotting factors
deficiency leads to prolonged bleeding time; inability to clot blood

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31
Q

Heparin (**parin)

A

activates anti-thrombin

anti-coagulant

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32
Q

Aspirin

A

Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, less prostaglandins made

prolongs bleeding time; also used to treat fever, pain and inflammation

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33
Q

Warfarin

A

Coumadin
Vitamin K antagonist
anti-coagulant

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34
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Plavix
Irreversible inhibitor of adenosine receptors on platelets
anti-coagulant

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35
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Tylenol
Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, less prostaglandins made; CNS preference
pain reliever, reduce fever

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36
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID; inhibits COX, less prostaglandins made pain reliever, reduce fever and anti-inflammatory

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37
Q

Indomethacin

A

NSAID; inhibits COX, less prostaglandins made pain reliever, reduce fever and anti-inflammatory

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38
Q

Opium (opioids)

A

Opiods from opium plant (many alkaloids, morphine main ingredient)

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39
Q

Codeine

A

works via m, d, g receptors (inhibitory) narcotic pain reliever

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40
Q

Morphine

A

works via m, d, g receptors (inhibitory) narcotic pain reliever

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41
Q

Heroin

A

works via m, d, g receptors (inhibitory) narcotic, addictive and drug of abuse

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42
Q

Loperamide

A

Imodium

stays in GI tract; slows down peristalsis common anti-diarrheal drug

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43
Q

Naloxone

A

Opiod antagonist

treat opioid overdose

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44
Q

Insulin

A

binds a surface receptor, activates intrinsic tyrosine kinase
antagonistic to glucagon; lowers blood glucose levels

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45
Q

Glucagon

A

activates glucagon receptors (G protein-coupled) antagonistic to insulin; increases blood glucose levels

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46
Q

Metformin

A

Glucophage
Insulin sensitizer; # 1 target is liver
Treat type 2 diabetes

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47
Q

Sulfonyl ureas

A

Amaryl, etc.

Close K+ channels in beta cells; oral hypoglycemic; more insulin released

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48
Q

Acarbose

A

Precose
amylase inhibitors in GI tract
Treat type 2 diabetes

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49
Q

Miglitol

A

Glyset
amylase inhibitors in GI tract
Treat type 2 diabetes

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50
Q

Rosiglitazone

A

TZDs

Insulin sensitizer; mostly in adipose tissue

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51
Q

Pioglitazone

A

TZDs

Insulin sensitizer; mostly in adipose tissue

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52
Q

GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide)

A

One of the Incretins that increases insulin release Treat type 2 diabetes

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53
Q

Statins (**statin)

A

Eg. Lovastatin
inhibits cholesterol synthesis
competitively inhibits key enzyme HMG-CoA reductase

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54
Q

Orlistat

A

Alli, Xenical

inhibits gastric & pancreatic lipases, so triglycerides cannot be broken down in the intestine

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55
Q

Fibrates

A

Tricor, etc
activate lipoprotein lipase
decreases plasma lipid levels

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56
Q

Ezetimibe

A

Zetia
Prevents cholesterol absorption in intestine
treat hyperlipidemias

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57
Q

Niacin

A

Inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase

treat hyperlipidemias

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58
Q

Probucol

A

Bezalip

Prevent oxidation of LDL; poorly understood treat hyperlipidemias

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59
Q

Cholestipol

A

Cholestid

bind, squester and remove bile acids via feces treat hyperlipidemias

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60
Q

Fish oil

A

mechanism not clear; lowers LDL, increases HDL treat hyperlipidemias

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61
Q

Anti-oxidants

A

Prevent oxidation of LDL

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62
Q

Omeprazole (**prazole)

A

Prilosec
PPI; binds irreversibly to proton pump and inactivates it.
Decrease acid secretion

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63
Q

Cimetidine (**tidine)

A 
Tagamet	
H2 (Histamine type 2) receptor blockers	Decrease acid secretion
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64
Q

Misoprostol

A

Cytotec
PGE2 analog; decrease acid secretion, promote mucus secretion
treat adverse effects of NSAIDs

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65
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Increases GI motility and secretions

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66
Q

Dicyclomine

A

Muscarinic antagonist; decreases acid secretion not a preferred drug due to many side effects

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67
Q

Histamine

A

H2 receptor activation; increases acid secretion

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68
Q

Gastrin

A

peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid

69
Q

Somatostatin

A

suppresses the release of GI hormones & pancreatic enzymes

70
Q

CCK

A

peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein by increasing the release of pancreatic enzymes & bile

71
Q

PGE2 (prostaglandin)

A

Inhibits acid secretion by parietal cells

72
Q

Alcohol

A

Depresses CNS

73
Q

Disulfiram

A

Antabuse
Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
treat alcoholics; Acetaldehyde accumulations promotes nausea, vomiting

74
Q

Estrogen replacement

A

sex hormone

75
Q

Raloxifene (SERM)

A

agonist in bone, antagonist / partial agonist elsewhere

76
Q

Ibandronate (**dronate)

A

Bisphosphonates, decrease osteoclast activity

77
Q

Bethanechol

A

Cholinergic agonist

78
Q

Carbachol

A

Cholinergic agonist

79
Q

Methacholine

A

Cholinergic agonist

80
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Pilopine

Muscarinic agonist

81
Q

Nicotine

A

agonist at nicotinic receptors (blocker at high conc)

82
Q

Muscarine

A

agonsit at muscarinic receptors

83
Q

Edrophonium

A

Enlon
Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor
Short half life of minutes; used to test for myasthenia gravis (Tensilon test)

84
Q

Neostigmine (**stigmine)

A

Prostigmin
Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor
treat Myasthenia gravis

85
Q

Pyridostigmine (**stigmine)

A

Mestinon
Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor
treat Myasthenia gravis

86
Q

Physostigmine (**stigmine)

A

Antilirium
Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor
also enters CNS; treat overdose of atropine

87
Q

Donepezil

A

Aricept
Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor (CNS)
Alzheimer’s disease

88
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Exelon
Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitor (CNS)
Alzheimer’s disease

89
Q

Atropine

A

Atropin

Muscarinic blocker; enters CNS at high conc. treat organophosphate poisoning

90
Q

Scopalamine

A

Hyoscine

Muscarinic blocker; also readily enters CNS Transdermal patch / prevent motion sickness

91
Q

Ipratropium

A 
****tropium	
Muscarinic blocker (prefers lungs)
92
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

Robinul

Muscarinic blocker

93
Q

Pralidoxime (PAM)

A

Protopam

Antidote to insecticide (nerve gas) poisoning Recovers acetylcholine esterase activity if given early

94
Q

Organophosphates

A

Nerve gases

Irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine inhibitors used as insecticides, warfare

95
Q

Sarin

A

Nerve gas

Irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine inhibitors used as insecticides, warfare

96
Q

Echothiophate

A

Phospholine

Irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine inhibitors used to treat glaucoma

97
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Anectine

Depolarizing NMJ blocker

98
Q

Curare

A

CUR

Non Depolarizing NMJ blockers

99
Q

Gallamine

A

Flaxedil

Non Depolarizing NMJ blockers

100
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Botox
Cleaves SNAP-25 protein required for docking of acetylcholine-containing vesicles; prevents acetylcholine release
mostly cosmetic use; approved for treating focal dystonias

101
Q

Dantrolene

A

Dantrium
inhibit release of calcium from sarcoplasm
Treat malignant hyperthermia

102
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Isuprel

beta1 = beta2

103
Q

Dopamine

A

Intropin

dose-dependent

104
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline
alpha and beta
neurotransmitter released by adrenal medulla; emergency signal

105
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Levofed
alpha and beta1 (no beta 2)
neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerve terminals

106
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Neo-Synephrine

alpha-1 agonist

107
Q

Terazosin (**azosin)

A

Hytrin
alpha-1 blocker
treat hypertension

108
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Dibenzline
alpha-1 blocker (irreversible)
treat pheochromocytoma

109
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Flomax
alpha1a blocker
treat benign prostate hypertrophy

110
Q

Clonidine

A

Catapres
alpha-2 agonist
emergency anti-hypertensive

111
Q

Alpha-methyldopa

A

Aldomet
prodrug; alpha-2 agonist
choice anti-hypertensive during pregnancy

112
Q

Yohimbine

A

Yobine
lpha-2 blocker
erectile dysfunction???

113
Q

Dobutamine

A

Dobutrex beta-1 agonist

114
Q

Propranolol (**olol)

A

Inderal beta blocker beta 1 = beta 2 (gold standard)

115
Q

Acebutolol

A

b1-selective blockers

116
Q

Betaxolol

A

b1-selective blockers

117
Q

Esmolol

A

b1-selective blockers

118
Q

Atenolol

A

b1-selective blockers

119
Q

Metaprolol

A

b1-selective blockers

120
Q

Pindolol

A

Partial agonist

121
Q

Acebutolol

A

Partial agonist

122
Q

Labetalol

A

Trandate alpha 1 blocker and beta blocker Anti-hypertensive

123
Q

Carvedilol

A

Coreg
alpha 1 blocker and beta blocker
Anti-hypertensive

124
Q

Albuterol (**terol)

A

Ventolin
beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle
treat asthma, COPD

125
Q

Salmeterol

A

Serevent
beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle
treat asthma, COPD

126
Q

Metaproterenol

A

beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle

treat asthma, COPD

127
Q

Terbutaline

A

Brethine
beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle
treat asthma, COPD

128
Q

Ritodrine

A

Yutopar
beta 2 agonist; increases cAMP; relaxes smooth muscle
treat premature uterine contractions

129
Q

Theophylline

A

inhibits cAMP PDE in lungs; low therapeutic index Bronchodilator

130
Q

Cromolyn Sodium

A

Nasalcrom Stabilizes mast cell membrane; Inhibits degranulation
prophylactic treatment for asthma

131
Q

Tyramine

A

Efexor

precursor to norepinephrine; rich in wines and cheese; these foods are contraindicated in patients on MAO inhibitors

132
Q

Ephedrine

A

Ephedrine

133
Q

Amphetamine

A

Adderall

134
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin

135
Q

COMT inhibitor

A

Entacapone (Comtan)
COMT is the enzyme that inactivates catecholamines
increase catecholamines

136
Q

MAO inhibitor

A

Selegiline (Deprenyl)

MAO is an enzyme that inactivates catecholamines increase catecholamines like dopamine; treatment fpr Parkinson’s

137
Q

Cocaine

A

drug of abuse

inhibits reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and NE addictive and has many other CNS effects

138
Q

Tricyclic anti-depressants

A

Depranil, Elavil Imipramine, amitryptaline; inhibits reuptahe of NE and serotonin

139
Q

SSRIs

A

Prozac, Zoloft, etc.
Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft), etc. have adrenergic side effects
anti-depressants; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

140
Q

Diazepam (**zepam)

A

Valium
Benzos increase Cl- current
anti-anxiety drugs

141
Q

Flunitrazepam

A

Rohypnol, Roofies, etc.
Benzos; increase Cl- current
banned in USA; date rape drug

142
Q

Lidocaine (**caine)

A

Blocks Na+ channels; no nerve transmission Local anesthetic

143
Q

Histamine

A

Local vasodilator

144
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Benadryl
H1 (histamine-1) blocker
treat allergies

145
Q

Cimetidine (**tidine)

A

Tagamet
H2 (histamine-2) blocker
reduce acid secretion

146
Q

Adenosine

A

Adenocard

Local vasodilator; short half-life of seconds

147
Q

Endothelin

A

Praxilene

Peptide hormone; synergistic with RAAS pathway constricts blood vessels

148
Q

Bosentan

A

Tracleer

Endothelin antagonist treat pulmonary hypertension

149
Q

Nifedipine (**dipine)

A

Procardia
blocks Ca2+ channels; Vasculature&raquo_space; Cardiac
anti-hypertensive

150
Q

Verapamil

A

Ca2+ channel blocker; cardiac&raquo_space; Vasculature

151
Q

Diltiazem

A

Ca2+ channel blocker; Vasculature = Cardiac

152
Q

Hydralazine

A

Apresoline Arterial vasodilator; open K+ channels

153
Q

Minoxidil

A

Rogain, Regaine Arterial vasodilator; open K+ channels

Topical for hair growth

154
Q

Digitalis, Digoxin

A

Dig
an inotrope; treatment for heart failure inhibits Na/K ATPase pump; increase cytosolic calcium levels; increases ontractility and cardiac output

155
Q

Milrinone (**none)

A

Primacor

cAMP PDE inhibitor; heart / vasculature

156
Q

Sildenafil (**afil)

A

Viagra
cGMP PDE5 inhibitor
Treat erectile dysfunction

157
Q

Aldosterone

A

Retains Na+

158
Q

Spiranolactone

A

Aldactone
aldosterone antagonist
diuretic; K+ sparing

159
Q

ADH (anti-diuretc hormone)

A

retains water

160
Q

Renin

A

protein hormone - RAAS pathway

161
Q

Aliskiren

A

Tekturna
Renin inhibitor
anti-hypertensive

162
Q

Angiotensin II

A

peptide hormone; RAAS pathway

Raises BP in hospital settings

163
Q

Bradykinin

A

Peptide hormone; antagonistic to RAAS pathway Vasodilator; lowers BP

164
Q

ANF or ANP

A

Peptide hormone; antagonistic to RAAS pathway

165
Q

Nesiritide

A

Natrecor
ANF agonist, peptide, has to be given IM / IV
Treat pulmonary hypertension

166
Q

Furosemide

A

Lasix
Loop diuretic
Treat edema, CHF

167
Q

Chlorothiazide

A

Diuril
Thiazide diuretic; works in DCT
Treat hypertension

168
Q

Lisinopril (**pril)

A

Vasotec
ACE inhibitor
Treat hypertension

169
Q

Losartan (**sartan)

A

Cozaar
ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker)
Treat hypertension

Block 4 (1 decks)

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