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NSWA > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Aspirin

A

Aspirin has the following pharmacological actions:
- Analgesic
- Antipyretic
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-platelet aggregation

Aspirin reduces mortality significantly in acute myocardial infarction by minimising platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in order to retard the progression of coronary artery thrombosis.

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2
Q

Define Adrenaline

A

Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic agent that stimulates the Alpha and Beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system.
- Alpha stimulation causes vasoconstriction. It raises the perfusion pressure of vital organs during cardiac arrest. It also decreases capillary permeability and increases blood pressure in Anaphylaxis.
- Beta-1 stimulation causes increased myocardial contractility, increased myocardial excitability and tachycardia.
- Beta-2 stimulation causes bronchodilation.

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3
Q

Adrenaline Indications?

A
  • Anaphylaxis and Allergic reactions
  • Life-threatening Asthma
  • Cardiac arrest
  • ROSC
  • Croup
  • Bradycardia
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Newborn resuscitation
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4
Q

Adrenaline Contraindications?

A
  • Nil for NSWA.
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5
Q

Aspirin Indications?

A
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome.
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6
Q

Aspirin Contraindications?

A
  • Allergy or hypersensitivity to Aspirin.
  • Active, suspected or known bleeding tendency.
  • Pt’s <16YO.
  • Pt’s meeting T1 trauma criteria.
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7
Q

Compound Sodium Lactate uses?

A

A hypertonic crystalloid solution containing Sodium Chloride, Calcium, Potassium and Lactate.
- Dehydration ( 10ml/kg bolus)
- Medical Hypoperfusion (20ml/kg bolus)
- Traumatic Hypovolaemia (250mL until radial pulse restored in non-head injury or until Systolic BP >100 in head injury).

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8
Q

Compound Sodium Lactate Contraindications?

A
  • Nil for NSWA. Although adverse effects include Pulmonary Oedema, Hypothermia, and coagulopathies.
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9
Q

Define Droperidol?

A

Droperidol is an antipsychotic agent that inhibits Alpha and Dopamine receptors in the CNS, resulting in sedation and an antipsychotic effect.

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10
Q

Droperidol Indications?

A
  • Behavioural disturbance (2nd line).
  • Palliative care.
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11
Q

Droperidol Contraindications?

A
  • Allergy or hypersensitivity to Droperidol.
  • Pt’s <6 YO.
  • Pt’s with Parkinson’s disease.
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12
Q

Define Fentanyl?

A

Fentanyl is a short-acting synthetic narcotic analgesic producing analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension.

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13
Q

Fentanyl Indications?

A
  • Analgesia.
  • Agitation in the trauma and critically ill patient.
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14
Q

Fentanyl Contraindications?

A
  • Known allergy to Fentanyl.
  • Epistaxis or occluded nasal passage (IN).
  • Pregnant women >20 weeks gestation AND in labour.
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15
Q

Define Glucagon?

A

A hyperglycaemic agent that increases blood glucose concentration by activating hepatic glucose production and decreasing GI motility.

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16
Q

Glucagon Indications?

A
  • Hypoglycaemia.
  • Anaphylaxis (Glucagon can raise blood pressure and heart rate in Anaphylactic Pt’s not responding to Adrenaline).
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17
Q

Contraindications for Glucagon?

A
  • Nil for NSWA.
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18
Q

Define Glucose Gel?

A

Glucose gel is a hypertonic sugar solution rapidly absorbed by oral and buccal mucosa to increase blood glucose concentration.

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19
Q

Glucose gel Indications?

A
  • Hypoglycaemia.
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20
Q

Contraindications for Glucose Gel?

A
  • Altered LOC or altered gag reflex.
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21
Q

Define Glyceryl Trinitrate?

A

Glyceryl trinitrate causes the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle resulting in:
- Dilation of coronary arteries.
- Dilation of systemic veins and arteries.
- Reduces preload, afterload and blood pressure.
- Reduces myocardial energy and oxygen requirements.
- Relaxes spasm of coronary arteries.

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22
Q

Glyceryl Trinitrate indications?

A
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome.
  • Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.
  • Autonomic dysreflexia.
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23
Q

Glyceryl Trinitrate Contraindications?

A
  • BP <90 systolic.
  • HR <50 or >150bpm.
  • Pt’s <16 YO.
  • Recent use of erectile dysfunction medication.
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24
Q

Define Hydrocortisone?

A

Hydrocortisone is a corticosteroid that produces an anti-inflammatory process and suppresses immune response, this inhibits the accumulation of inflammatory cells at inflammation sites, reducing airway swelling and bronchoconstriction.

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25
Hydrocortisone Indications?
- Adrenal crisis. - Asthma. - Anaphylaxis / Allergic reactions. - COPD exacerbations.
26
Hydrocortisone Contraindications?
- Known or suspected allergy to corticosteroids, sodium succinate or sodium phosphate. - Active peptic ulcer disease.
27
Define Ipratropium Bromide?
- Ipratropium Bromide is an anticholingeric bronchodilator. It inhibits the vagal reflexes that mediate bronchospasm. - Combined with a short-acting Beta-2 agonist (e.g Salbutamol), Ipratropium Bromide produces significantly greater bronchodilation than a short acting Beta-2 agonist alone.
28
Ipratropium Bromide Indications?
To relieve Bronchospasm in: - Asthma. - COPD exacerbation.
29
Ipratropium Bromide Contraindications?
- Known allergy or hypersensitivity. - Glaucoma. - Pt’s <6 months old.
30
Define Methoxyflurane?
Methoxyflurane is an inhaled CNS depressant that produces a powerful modification of the awareness of pain with an associated light-headed sensation.
31
Methoxyflurane Indications?
- Analgesia.
32
Methoxyflurane Contraindications?
- Malignant hyperthermia. - Head injury or altered LOC. - Pt’s <1 YO.
33
Define Midazolam?
Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine that potentiates the inhibitory effects of GABA throughout the CNS producing sedation and anti-epileptic effects.
34
Midazolam Indications?
- Agitation in the trauma and critically ill patient. - Behavioural disturbance (3rd line). - Seizures.
35
Midazolam Contraindications?
- Allergy or hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines.
36
Define Morphine?
Morphine is an opioid analgesic acting on opioid receptors in the CNS and GIT producing analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension.
37
Morphine Indications?
- Analgesia. - ROSC. - Bradycardia. - Palliative.
38
Morphine Contraindications?
- Allergy or hypersensitivity to Morphine. - Neonates <40 weeks old. - Pregnant women >20 gestation AND in labour. - Kidney disease.
39
Define Naloxone?
Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that exerts its effect by competitive inhibition at the opioid receptor sites. It prevents and reverses the effects of Opioids including respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension. In the absence of Opioids, it exhibits essentially no pharmacological activity.
40
Naloxone Indications?
- Suspected Opioid overdose.
41
Naloxone Contraindications?
- Neonates born to Opioid addicted Mothers due to risk of inducing Opioid withdrawals.
42
Define Olanzapine?
Olanzapine is an antipsychotic, anti-manic and mood stabilising agent. It inhibits Serotonin and Dopamine receptors, producing sedation and mood stabilisation.
43
Olanzapine Indications?
- Behavioural disturbance (1st line).
44
Olanzapine Contraindications?
- Known hypersensitivity to Olanzapine.
45
Define Ondansetron?
Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist blocking Serotonin centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and peripherally on vagus nerve terminals, producing anti-nauseant and anti-emetic effects.
46
Ondansetron Indications?
- Nausea and vomiting. - Prophylaxis for eye injuries.
47
Ondansetron Contraindications?
- Allergy or hypersensitivity to Ondansetron. - Pt’s <2 YO. - Concurrent Apomorphine administration.
48
Define Paracetamol?
Paracetamol is a P-Aminophenol derivative that exhibits analgesic and antipyretic activity.
49
Paracetamol Indications?
- Analgesia. - Fever.
50
Paracetamol Contraindications?
- Known allergy or hypersensitivity. - Liver failure. - Multiple previous doses. - Pt’s <7 YO.
51
Define Salbutamol?
Salbutamol is a short-acting Beta-2 agonist that causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation.
52
Salbutamol Indications?
To relieve bronchospasm in: - Asthma - COPD exacerbation - Anaphylaxis / Allergic reaction - Palliative care.
53
Salbutamol Contraindications?
- Nil for NSWA.
54
Define Metoclopramide?
Metoclopramide is an anti-nauseant and anti-emetic blocking central dopamine receptors. Given in Pt’s >16yo where Ondansetron is contraindicated or ineffective after 10 minutes.
55
Metoclopramide indications?
- Nausea and vomiting - Eye injuries
56
Define Amiodarone?
Amiodarone is a Class III antidysrhythmic agent that prolongs the action potential duration and the refractory period of the AV node and ventricular tissue, thereby giving a very broad spectrum of activity.
57
Amiodarone indications?
- Cardiac arrest (P1) - Tachycardia (ICP)
58
Amiodarone contraindications?
- Torsades De Pointes
59
Define Atropine?
An anticholinergic agent that blocks vagal stimulation to allow the sympathetic response to increase pulse rate by increasing SA node firing rate, and increasing the conduction velocity through the AV node.
60
Atropine indications?
- Bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise.
61
Atropine Contraindications?
- Nil for NSWA.
62
Define Fexofenadine?
An Anti-histamine.
63
Fexofenadine indications?
- Localised, mild allergic reactions.
64
Fexofenadine contraindications?
- Allergy or hypersensitivity to Fexofenadine. - Pt’s <12yo. - Previous administration of Fexofenadine within 24 hours.
65
Define Oxytocin?
Synthetic pituitary hormone which stimulates uterine muscle contraction.
66
Oxytocin indications?
- Maternal post-pardum care. - Post-pardum haemorrhage.

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