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Non-medical prescribing revision > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is body fluid made up of?

A

water
blood plasma
proteins
component cells

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2
Q

What makes up intracellular fluid?

A

protein
water
electrolytes
solutes

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3
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte in intracellular fluid?

A

potassium

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4
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid found outside of a cell

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5
Q

What is the main electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

A

sodium

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6
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure that a contained fluid exerts on

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7
Q

how does filtration work?

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids and solutes through a permeable membrane to be excreted

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8
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration, equalising the solutes throughout an area

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9
Q

what is active transport

A

moving solutes and ions across a cell membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration

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10
Q

Pharmacodynamics is…

A

what a drug does to the body

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics is…

A

what the body does to a drug

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12
Q

Purity is…

A

mainly only a problem in illicit or counterfeit drugs

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13
Q

Efficacy is…

A

how big the maximum response is

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14
Q

Potency is…

A

how big a dose is needed to produce the desired response

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15
Q

Variability is…

A

what proportion patients will have the desired response

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16
Q

selectivity is…

A

how well the drug acts on its molecular target and not other molecules

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17
Q

safety is…

A

the proportion of patients that will have unwanted effects

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18
Q

bioavailability is…

A

how much of the administered drug reaches systemic circulation

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19
Q

Name examples of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
serotonin
glutamate
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
histamine

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20
Q

a ligand is…

A

a substance that binds to a receptor
- can be endogenous
- can be a drug
- can be an agonist or antagonist

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21
Q

types of reversible bonds…

A

Van Der Waals
hydrogen bonding
ionic

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22
Q

types of irreversible bonds…

23
Q

Partial agonists…

Study These Flashcards
A
  • bind to and activate a receptor with partial efficacy
24
Q

drugs with a narrow therapeutic index cause more problems…true or false?

25
A competitive antagonist...
does not produce a biological effect directly, but competes with agonist by binding reversibly to the receptor
26
an agonist...
- binds to a receptor to produce a response - must have affinity and efficacy
27
An antagonist...
- competes with the agonist to block the effect - has affinity but not efficacy
28
A more selective drug will...
produce less side effects
29
what are the 4 main targets for drugs
- receptors - ion channels - carriers - enzymes
30
what do ion channels do?
copy or block the action of endogenous chemicals that regulate the flow of ions through plasma membrane channels
31
Facilitated transport requires...
no energy
32
Ion channels are in systems that require a rapid response... true or false?
True
33
What do enzymes do?
Act as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction
34
What affects rate of absorption?
- route of administration - Permeation (absorption process)
35
passive diffusion is...
- the most common mechanism - driven by concentration gradient - occurs through water and lipid compartments
36
carrier mediated transport...
- facilitated by specialised membrane proteins to move molecules - often against a concentration gradient - requires energy
37
endocytosis...
is where cells engulf substances allowing for transport of larger molecules
38
Diffusion can be...
- aqueous - lipid - facilitated - active transport - endocytosis - exocytosis
39
when is steady state reached?
after 4 to 5 half lives
40
What does albumin do?
binds many acidic drugs
41
what does alpha-1 acid glycoprotein do?
binds many alkaline and fat-soluble drugs
42
what happens to unbound drugs?
- diffuse through capillary walls - produce a pharmacological effect - are metabolised and excreted
43
what is volume distribution?
volume of fluid required to contain total amount of drug
44
what affects volume distribution?
- body composition - extent of protein binding - conditions affecting plasma protein
45
what is protein binding?
- acts as a storage - may need to load - only unbound drug is active - drug to drug interactions - >90% protein bound - are affected by co-morbid conditions
46
what is phase 1 metabilism?
- oxidation - reduction - hydrolysis - becomes more polar - often inactivates the drug
47
what is phase 2 metabolism?
- conjugation with a water-soluble group to make it easier to excrete via kidneys
48
what do enzyme inducing drugs do?
- enhance the production of liver enzymes - increased drug break down
49
What do enzyme inhibitors do?
- inhibit the liver enzymes - decrease rate of drug break down
50
Metabolism mainly takes place in...
the liver
51
the liver...
- metabolises fat-soluble drugs to make them ready for the kidneys to excrete - can get toxic metabolites
52
how are drugs excreted?
- kidneys - glomerular filtration & tubular secretion - renal excretion for hydrophilic drugs - liver secretes into bile to intestines - GI tract - Lungs
53
what is half life?
time taken for the concentration of drug in the blood to fall by half

Non-medical prescribing revision (1 decks)

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