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Applied pharmacology > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

loss of cartilage from articulating bones, bones become brittle and develop microfractures

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2
Q

why is cartilage degraded in osteoarthritis?

A

increase in cytokines, IL-1B inhibits type II collagen synthesis of hyaline cartilage, increase in matrix metalloprotieneases

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3
Q

what is the function of COX 1?

A

COX1 is expressed all the time, regulates renal function and blood clotting

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4
Q

what is the function of COX2?

A

only released under certain conditions

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5
Q

name some NSAIDS?

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, meloxicam, indomethacin

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6
Q

what are the actions of NSAIDS?

A

inhibits prostaglandin on the hypothalamus, decreases sensitivity of neurons to bradykinin, decreases vasodilation

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7
Q

what are the specific actions of aspirin?

A

inhibit NFKB, decreasing transcription of genes for inflammation

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8
Q

what are the side effects with NSAIDS?

A

gastric ulcer, MI risk, increased risk of cardiovascular event, angiodema, urticaria, rhinitus

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9
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoimmune condition where cytokines cause inflammation around a joint, eroding away cartilage

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10
Q

what are the actions of osteoblasts?

A

bone formation

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11
Q

what are the actions of osteoclasts?

A

bone reabsorption

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12
Q

what are the actions of the body for bone formation?

A

osteoblasts, expression of pro-antinflammatory cytokines, chondrocytes synthesise matrix

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13
Q

what are the actions for bone destruction?

A

osteoclasts, expression of pro inflammatory cytokines, chondrocytes secrete MMPs to breakdown collagen

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14
Q

what are the actions of glucocorticoids?

A

inhibit NF-KB that is needed for B cells to release cytokines, this decreases circulating WBC and inhibiting phospholipase A2

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15
Q

what is a drug that is naturally produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

glucocorticoids

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16
Q

what are 2 examples of a short acting glucocorticoid?

A

cortisone, hydrocortisone

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17
Q

what are 1 examples of a intermediate acting glucocorticoid?

A

prenisolone

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18
Q

what are 1 example of a long acting glucocorticoid?

A

dexamethasone

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19
Q

what are the side effects of glucocorticoid?

A

moon face, abdo fat, increased risk of infection, poor wound healing, hypertension, muscle wasting, buffalo hump

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20
Q

what are 3 examples of DMARDS for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

methotrexalate, sulfasalazine, penicillamire

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21
Q

what are the actions of the DMARD methotrexalate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

blocks folic acid, stops t cell proliferation

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22
Q

what are the side effects of methotrexalate?

A

blood dyschariosis, liver cirrhosis, folate deficiency

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23
Q

what are the actions of the DMARD sulfasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

salicylate (NSAID), sulphonamide (abx), scavenges free radicals produced by neutrophils

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24
Q

what are the side effects of the DMARD sulfasalazine in the treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis?

A

GI upset, headache, leukopenia (decreased WBC)

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25
Q

what are the effects of the DMARD penicillamire in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

decrease IL-1 generation, decreasing fibroblasts and the immune response

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26
Q

what are the side effects of the DMARD penicillamire in the treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis?

A

rash, stomatitus (inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth)

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27
Q

what is an example of a gold compound in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

sodium auranotin

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28
Q

what is the action of sodium auranotin?

A

decrease 1L-1 and Tnf a

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29
Q

what are the side effects of sodium auranotin?

A

rash, flu like, mouth ulcer, encepathology, peripheral neuropathy, hepatisis

30
Q

what is an example of a antimalarials in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

chloroquine

31
Q

what are the actions of chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

interferes with antigen presenting inducing cell death in T lymphcytes

32
Q

what are the side effects of the antimalarial chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

nausea, vomitting, dizziness, blurring of vision

33
Q

what are the examples of biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

adalimumab, entercept, infliximab, tocillizumab, abatacept, rituximab

34
Q

what are the effects of biologic agents and what are they given with?

A

recombinant antibodies that act as decoy receptors mopping up TNF

35
Q

what are the side effects of biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

develop a latent disease, worsening heart failure §

36
Q

what are 3 examples of immunosuppresants used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

ciclosporin, azathioprine, leflunomide

37
Q

what are the actions of the immunosuppressant ciclosporin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

inhibit IL2 gene transcription, decrease T cell proliferation

38
Q

what are the side effects of the immunosuppressant ciclosporin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

N+V, gum hypertrophy, hypertension, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

39
Q

what are the actions of the immunosuppressant azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

interferes with metabolism of purine to decrease DNA synthesis, targeting cells in the induction phase

40
Q

what are the actions of the immunosuppressant leflunomide in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

inhibitor of T cells, inhibit pyrimidine

41
Q

what are the side effects of leflunomide in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

diarrhoea, alopecia, hepatoxicity

42
Q

what is the condition where there is a rapid onset of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24 hours?

A

stroke

43
Q

what is the condition where there is a brief period of neurological dysfunction due to an interuption of blood supplying the brain?

A

transient ischaemic attack

44
Q

what is the ischaemic penumbra?

A

area surrounding where the clot has formed, there is local hypoxia and cell death immediately

45
Q

what is a thrombus made up of?

A

fibrinogen

46
Q

what is used to treat a stroke, when the cause is a clot in the brain?

A

recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, altepase §

47
Q

what are 4 examples of antiplatelet drugs?

A

aspirin, dipyramidole, clopidogrel, abiciximab

48
Q

what are the main actions of antiplatelet drugs?

A

inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation by preventing GPIIa/Ib receptor expression

49
Q

what is the action of aspirin?

A

prevents thromboxane formation

50
Q

what is action of clopidogrel?

A

antagonise actions of ADP receptors, preventing GPIIa/lb receptor interaction

51
Q

what are the actions of abiciximab?

A

attaches receptors to prevent linking of fibres

52
Q

what are the stages of the clotting factors?

A

activation of factor VIII/XII (proteins circulating in the blood)
activation of prothrombin II converting fibrinogen to fibrin

53
Q

what would you do to a patient who had a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

reverse anticoagulants using vit K as it reverse warfarin action
give clotting factors

54
Q

what are the actions of nitrovasodilators in the treatment of coronary heart disease?

A

nitrix oxide produced increases CGmp in muscle cells, meaning vasodilation

55
Q

what is an example of a nitrovasodilators in the treatment of CHD?

A

glyceryl trinitrate

56
Q

what are the side effects of nitrovasodilators (glyceryl trinitrate)

A

cerebral vasodilation (throbbing headache/ dizziness)

57
Q

what is an example of a lipid lowering drug used in the treatment of CHD?

A

statins- hmG-Coa reductase inhibitors

58
Q

what is the action of statins in the treatment of CHD?

A

uses hmG-Coa which is an enzyme that controls the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol

59
Q

what are the side effects of statins?

A

GI upsets/ abnormal liver test/ muscle problems

60
Q

what are the actions of bronchodilators?

A

inhibit mediator release from mast cells

61
Q

name 2 short acting bronchodilators?

A

salbutamol/ terbutalline

62
Q

name a long acting bronchodilators?

A

salmeterol

63
Q

what are the side effects of bronchodilator?

A

tremor

64
Q

what is the action of theophylline in the treatment of asthma?

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitor that stops the breakdown of cAMP

65
Q

why would theophylline be used?

A

when B2 agonists are inadequate

66
Q

what are the side effects of theophylline in the treatment of asthma?

A

CNS/ tremor/ sleep disturbances/ N+V

67
Q

what is an example of a muscarinic receptor antagonist?

A

ipratroprium (max effect 30 mins)

68
Q

what are the actions of the muscarinic receptor antagonist ipratropium?

A

blocks endogenous acetylcholine at musarinic receptors, decreases acetylcholine release, muscarinic receptors de-activated and smooth muscles relax

69
Q

what are the names of 2 leukotrienne receptor antagonist in the treatment of asthma?

A

montelukast, zafirlukast

70
Q

what are the side effects of leukotrienne receptor antagonist?

A

headache, GI disturbances

71
Q

what are the examples of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids?

A

beclametasone, diproprionate, budenoside, fluticasone proprionate, prenisolone, hydrocortisone

72
Q

what are the actions of glucocorticoids in the treatment of asthma?

A

decrease: cytokines, spasminogens, leukocyte chemotoxins, alter gene transcription

Applied pharmacology (1 decks)

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