Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

EndocrineJaz > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

lispro is a ___ insulin

A

ultra-fast/short-acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

glargine = ___ insulin

give a single bedtime dose

A

ultra-long acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a biguanide

A

metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

insulin sensitiser =

A

metformin/biguanides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

usual dose of metformin

A

500mg od/bd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
metformin:
decreases HbA1c by:
hypo risk?
weight?
complications?
pregnancy?
A 
15-20mmol/mol
no hypo risk
stays same or lose wt
decreases micro+macrovasc complications
safe in pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adverse affects of metformin

A 
nausea, vom, abdo pain
vitB12 and folic acid absorption interference
lactic acidosis
liver failure 
rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

insulin secretagogues =

A

sulfonylureas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sulfonylurea examples

A

glipizide
glicazide
glimepiride
glibenclamide/glyburide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

adverse affects of sulfonylureas

A

hypoglycaemia

weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PPAR gamma agonists =

A

thiazolidenediones (TZDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TZD example

A

pioglitazone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PPAR-RXR receptor in nucleus turns on genes for (4)

A

lipoprotein lipase
FA transport protein
FA CoA synthase
GLUT4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TZD- hypo risk? wt?

A

no hypo risk unless taken with SU

increases weight due to S/C fat and fluid retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

drugs that increase intestinal secretion of insulin =

A

incretins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists examples

A

exenatide
exendin LAR
liraglutide
lixisenatide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists

A

promote insulin secretion without hypos
suppress glucagon (which is raised in T2D)
early satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adverse affects of GLP-1 receptor agonists

A

nausea (resolves in 6-8wks)

pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

route of delivery of exenatide

A

S/C injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DPP4 inhibitors

A

vildagliptin
sitagliptin
saxagliptin
linagliptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DPP4 inhibitors are less/more potent than GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GLP-1 is secreted by:

GIP is secreted by:

A 
GLP-1 = L cells
GIP = K cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

benefits of DPP4 inhibitors

A

promote insulin secretion without hypos
decrease glucagon
weight neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

adverse affect of DPP4 inhibitors

A

pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
SGLT2 inhibitors
dapagliflozin canagliflozin empagliflozin
26
diabetic drug than causes you to pee out 80g sugar each day
SGLT2 inhibitors
27
SGLT2 inhibitor benefit and adverse affect
``` benefit = weight loss adverse = increase risk of thrush and UTI ```
28
low levels of ___ increase appetite and thermogenesis but high levels dont do the reverse
leptin
29
drugs with insulin dependent action that cause an increase in insulin secretion
SUs incretin mimics glinides DPP4 inhibitors
30
insulin dependent drugs that decrease insulin resistance and decrease hepatic glucose output
biguanides | TZDs
31
insulin independent drugs that slow glucose absorption from the gut
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
32
insulin independent drugs that enhance glucose excretion from the kidney
SGLT2 inhibitors
33
increased blood glucose cause increased diffusion of ___ into beta cell by ____ > ___ phosphorylates glucose > increase ATP and ___ close > depolarisation and __ open >insulin secreted
``` glutamate GLUT2 facilitated transport glucokinase KATP channels close Ca2+ channels open ```
34
ATP binds to KIR6.2 = KATP channel ___
closes
35
ADP-Mg2+ binds to SUR1 = KATP channel ___
opens
36
SUs have a risk of hypoglycaemia because
bind to SUR1 and close KATP causing insulin release independent of bg
37
1st generation SU=
tolbutamide
38
2nd generation SU are __potent and have a ___ duration of action so a higher risk of___ than 1st generation SUs
more longer hypos
39
SUs usually given in combo with __/__
metformin | TZDs
40
Examples of glinides
repaglinide and nateglinide
41
mechanism of glinides
similar to SUs - bind to SUR1 at a benzamido site and close KATP channel
42
glinides have ____ which causes a reduced risk of hypos when compared to SUs
a quick onset and offset of action
43
when are glinides taken and by what route
PO before meals to decrease post prandial bg rise
44
glinides are usually in combo with __/__
metformin | TZDs
45
L cells that secrete ___ are found in the __+__
GLP-1 | ileum and colon
46
K cells that secrete __ are found in the __+__
GIP | jejunum and duodenum
47
GLP-1 and GIP ___ insulin release and delay ___ causing ___ glucose uptake and use
increase gastric emptying increased
48
GLP-1 decreases ___ release and so decreases ___ production
glucagon | glucose
49
GLP-1 analogues give S/C od = and S/C bd =
``` od = liraglutide bd = exenatide ```
50
GLP-1 analogues bind to ___ receptors that increase ___ causing increased __ secretion, decreased __ secretion and decreased__+__
GPCR GLP1 cAMP and insulin secretion glucagon secretion, gastric emptying and appetite
51
DPP4 antagonists usually in combo with __/__
TZD | metformin
52
mechanism of action of DPP4 antagonists
stop DPP4 terminating GLP1/GIP action = prolong their action
53
alpha glucosidase inhibitor example
acarbose
54
alpha glucosidase inhibitor mechanism of action
inhibit alph glucosidase (brush border enzyme) to stop starch and disaccharide being converted to glucose = delay glucose absorption and decrease postprandial bg rise
55
hypo risk with alpha glucosidase inhibitor ?
no
56
adverse effects of alpha glucosidase inhibitor
``` flatulence loose stools diarrhoea abdo pain bloating ```
57
metformin decreases hepatic ___ (stimulates __), increases skeletal muscle __+__ by increasing ___ decreases __ absorption increases __ oxidation
gluconeogenesis (AMPK) glucose uptake and use ; insulin signalling carbohydrate absorption FA oxidation
58
lactic acidosis is a rare but serious side effect of this drug
metformin
59
TZDs mechanism of action
agonise PPAR gamma - largely confined to adipocytes = a TF that promotes gene expression of proteins involved in insulin signalling, lipoprotein lipase, FA transport protein and GLUT4 promote FA uptake and storage in adipocytes over muscle and liver decrease hepatic glucose output
60
TZDs cause fluid retention because
increase Na reabsorption in the kidney
61
SGLT2 inhibitors block ___ in ___ of nephron | decrease ___ and cause glycosuria
SGLT2 proximal tubule glucose reabsorption

EndocrineJaz (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions