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Semester 3 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Depakote (sodium valproate)

A

Drug type - anticonvulsant
Used in - bipolar disorder
Mode of action - increases GABA and decreases firing of voltage dependant sodium channels
Side effects - folate antagonist (inhibits DHFR protein)

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2
Q

Paracetamol

A

Drug type: non-opioid analgesic
Mode of action: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
Dose: 0.5-1g every 4-6 hours (max 4g daily)
Route: usually oral
Side effects: Liver toxicity

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3
Q

Ibuprofen

A 
Drug type: NSAID analgesic
Mode of Action: non selective COX inhibitor
Dosage: 300-400mg, 3-4 times daily 
Route: Oral 
Side effects:
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4
Q

Co-Cocodamol

A

Drug type: paracetamol + opiod analgesic codeine phosphate
Mode of action: acts as a prodrug (codeine 10% > morphine)
Dosage: 1-2 tablets every 4-6 hours (max 8 daily)
Route: oral
Side effects: constipation

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5
Q

Morphine

A

Drug Type: strong opiod analgesic
Mode of action: agonist at Mu opioid receptors
Dosage: slow release preparations twice/once daily
Route: oral or patches
Side effects: sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, hypotension

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6
Q

Ketamine

A

Drug type: anaesthetic

Mode of action: blocks NMDA receptor channels

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7
Q

Gabapentin

A

Drug type: anticonvulsant
Mode of action: reduces calcium currents, increases GABA concentraion, enchances GABA responses
Dosage: 300mg (low dose) - 3600mg (high dose)

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8
Q

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)

A

Drug type: thrombolytic agent
Mode of action: breaks up blood clots
Given in: ischaemic stroke (within 3 hours of onset)
Side effects: nausea, vomiting, intracerebral bleeding, allergic reactions (check for tongue swelling)

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9
Q

Aspirin

A

Drug type: NSAID and antiplatelet
Mechanism of action: prevents platelets from clotting, also COX inhibitor
Given in: to reduce infalmmation and in long term stroke treatment

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10
Q

Clopidrogrel

A

Drug type: antiplatelet
Mechanism of action: prevents platelets from clotting
Given in: long term stroke treatment

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11
Q

Heparin

A

Drug type: anticoagulant
Mechanism of action: inhibits clotting factors
Given in: post stroke treatment (especially patients with atrial fibrillation)
Side effects: excessive bleeding

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12
Q

Warfarin

A

Drug type: anticoagulant
Mechanism of action: inhibits clotting factors
Given in: post stroke treatment (especially patients with atrial fibrillation)
Side effects: excessive bleeding

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13
Q

Statins

A

Drug type: statin
Mechanism of action: lower cholesterol levels
Given in: post stroke treatment

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14
Q

Pregabalin

A

Drug type: anticonvulsant
Used in: epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and GAD
Mechanism of action: binds to alpha-2-delta subunit on voltage dependant calcium channels in the CNS to decrease the release of stimulatory neurotransmitters aka glutamate and noradrenaline
Dosage: 150mg/day - increase to 600mg/day if necessary
Side effects: sleepiness, confusion, memory problems, poor motor concentration

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15
Q

Sertraline

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 50-100mg
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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16
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 20mg/day
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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17
Q

Citalopram

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 20mg
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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18
Q

Escitalopram

A

Drug type: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Mechanism of action: block SERT, blocking reuptake of 5-HT, prolonging the actions of serotonin at G protein coupled receptors
Used in: GAD, Depression
Dosage: 10mg
Side effects: nausea, dizziness, dry mouth

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19
Q

Diazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 6-15mg/day
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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20
Q

Lorazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 1-4mg
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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21
Q

Clonazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 1-4mg
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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22
Q

Oxazepam

A

Drug type: Benzodiazepine
Mechanism of action: enhance the effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor (bind between alpha and gamma subunits)
Used in: GAD, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant
Dosage: 45-90mg
Side effects: high dependance, impaired concentration, memory and decision making, sleepiness

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23
Q

Interferon-beta

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: injection
Mechanism of action: interfere with T cell migration across BBB

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24
Q

Glatiramer acetate

A

Drug type: immune modifying agent
Used in: MS
Give: injection
Mechanism of action: desensitise the immune system from myelin

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25
Ntalizumab
Drug type: immune modifying agent Used in: MS Give: injection IV monthly Mechanism of action: prevents lymphocyte migration across the BBB Side effects: may increase risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (caused by JC virus)
26
Alemtuzumab
Drug type: immune modifying agent Used in: MS (3rd line treatment) Give: injection IV two courses Mechanism of action: monoclonal targets B and T cells resulting in cell lysis. Bone marrow will then produce new lymphocytes that are unable to attack myelin. Side effects: increased risk of acquiring other autoimmune disease
27
Dimethyl Fumerate (BG2)
Drug type: immune modifying agent Used in: MS Give: orally Mechanism of action: cytokine inhibitor
28
Teriflunomide
Drug type: immune modifying agent Used in: MS Give: orally Mechanism of action: anti prolifertative agent
29
Fingolimod
Drug type: immune modifying agent Used in: MS Give: orally Mechanism of action: inhibits migration of T cells from lymphoid tissue
30
Baclofen
Drug type: muscle relaxant Used in: to treat spasticity in MS and Parkinsons Mechanism of action: binds to GABA B receptors and agonises the effect of GABA
31
Disipramine
Drug type: TCA Used in: Anxiety/Depression Mechanism of action: blocks the reuptake of NA, 5-HT and dopamine
32
Amitriptyline
Drug type: TCA Used in: Anxiety/Depression Mechanism of action: blocks the reuptake of NA, 5-HT and dopamine
33
Clomipramine
Drug type: TCA Used in: Anxiety/Depression Mechanism of action: blocks the reuptake of NA, 5-HT and dopamine
34
Imipramine
Drug type: SNRI (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) Used in: Anxiety/depression Mechanism of action: blocks SERT, NET and NAT
35
Venlafaxine
Drug type: SNRI (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) Used in: Anxiety/depression Mechanism of action: blocks SERT, NET and NAT
36
Mirtazapine
Drug type: antidepressant Used in: Depression Mechanism of action: alpha 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (prevents negative feedback loop of noradrenaline on its autoreceptors)
37
Iproniazid
Drug type: MOA-I (irreversible) Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA Used in: Depression Note: originally developed for treatment of TB Side effects: hypertension
38
Phenelzine
Drug type: MOA-I (irreversible) Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA Used in: Depression Side effects: hypertension
39
Tranylpromine
Drug type: MOA-I (irreversible) Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA Used in: Depression Side effects: hypertension
40
Moclobumide
Drug type: MOA-I (reversible) Mechanism: prevents breakdown of 5H-T and NA Used in: Depression Side effects: hypertension
41
Levodopa
Drug type: dopamine precursor Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism - converted into dopamine by L-DOPA decarboxylase Side effects: nausea/vomiting, delusions/hallucinations, insomnia, confusion, disorientation, involuntary movement (dyskinesias)
42
Carbidopa
Drug type: dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Given: in Parkinson's alongside L-DOPA Mechanism: inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in periphery, it cannot cross the BBB
43
Benserazide
Drug type: dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Given: in Parkinson's alongside L-DOPA Mechanism: inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in periphery, it cannot cross the BBB
44
Co-beleldopa
Drug type: combination of L-DOPA + carbidopa/benserizide Used: in Parkinson's Mechanism: inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in periphery, L-DOPA then gets into brain and is converted into dopamine Side effects: nausea/vomiting, delusions/hallucinations, insomnia, confusion, disorientation, involuntary movement (dyskinesias)
45
Amantadine
Drug type: antiviral Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism: reduces L-DOPA induced dyskinesia
46
Pramipexole
Drug type: dopamine receptor agonist Used in: Parkinson's (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia) Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness
47
Ropinirole
Drug type: dopamine receptor agonists Used in: Parkinson's (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia) Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness
48
Rotigotine
Drug type: dopamine receptor agonists Used in: Parkinson's (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia) Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness
49
Apomorphine
Drug type: dopamine receptor agonists Used in: Parkinson's (to help prevent unwanted dyskinesia) Given: using an IV pump (quick acting) Mechanism: bind to dopamine receptors to induce movement Side effects: nausea, postural hypotension, sleepiness
50
Entacapone
Drug type: Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism: slow breakdown of dopamine and levodopa
51
Tolcapone
Drug type: Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism: slow breakdown of dopamine and levodopa
52
Selegilene
Drug type: MAO-B inhibitor Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism: prevents breakdown of dopamine and L-dopa Side effects: hypertension
53
Rasagliline
Drug type: MAO-B inhibitor Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism: prevents breakdown of dopamine and L-dopa Side effects: hypertension
54
Benztropine
Drug type: anticholinergic Used in: Parkinson's Mechanism: reduces cholinergic signalling, helps with tremor in PD
55
Tetrabenazine
Drug type: dopamine release inhibitor Used in: chorea releated diseases e.g, Huntington's, Tourette's Mechanism: prevents release of dopamine, dampens direct pathway in basal ganglia
56
Chlorpromazine
Drug type: old antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia
57
Haloperidol
Drug type: old antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia
58
Flurphenazine
Drug type: old antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia
59
Clozapine
Drug type: new antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics) Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain, agranulocytosis
60
Olanzapine
Drug type: new antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics) Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain
61
Quetiapine
Drug type: new antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics) Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain
62
Risperidone
Drug type: new antipsychotic Used: in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder Mechanism: block D1 and D2 receptors (block D2 less so produce less side effects than old antipsychotics), also blocks 5HT2 receptors Side effects: Parkinsonism, negative symptoms, hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain
63
Propofol
Drug type: anaesthetic agent Given: IV Mechanism: activation of GABA-A receptors, increases inhibitory function of GABA Side effects: hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting
64
Isoflurane
Drug type: anaesthetic Given: via inhalation Mechanism: enhances effects of GABA? Inhibits excitatory transmission
65
Fentanyl
Drug type: opoid analgesic | Mechanism: binds to mu opoid receptors and inhibits adenylate cyclase, inhibits release of noicepetive substances
66
Suxamethonium
Drug type: depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (muscle relaxant) Given: IV Mechanism: persistant depolarisation of neuromuscular junction, mimics effect of Ach, causes densistisation of Ach receptors
67
Atracurium
Drug type: non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (muscle relaxant) Mechanism: nitotinic receptor antagonist - blocks Ach from binding at skeletal muscle
68
Neostigmine
Drug type: anticholinesterase Mechanism: contains acetylcholinesterase/butyrlcholinestease which reverses neuromuscular blockade by breaking down the the blocking agents Side effects: peripheral side effects e.g, bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction
69
Glycoprrolate
Drug type: cholinergic antagonist Mechanism: protects against peripheral muscarinic effects of neostigmine by antagnosising the peripheral muscarinc receptors
70
Mannitol
Drug type: osmotic diuretic Given: to treat raised intracranial pressure Mechanism: increase plasma osmolality which draws water from brain and CSF into the interstitial fluid, also increase volume excretion in kidney
71
Lamotrigine
Drug type: anticonvulsant Used: to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder Mechanism: blocks sodium and calcium channels, suppressing glutamate release Side effects: sleepiness, headache, vomiting
72
Sodium Thiopental
Drug type: anaesthetic (old) | Mode of action: rapid-onset barbiturate - act on GABA A receptors to induce GABA function
73
Pancuronium
Drug type: non depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent
74
Potassium Chloride
Mode of action: depolarises cardiac muscle cells so they cannot fire

Semester 3 (13 decks)

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