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Step 2 Secrets 🍾 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Unique/common side effect of trazodone?

A

Priapism

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2
Q

Unique/common side effect of aspirin?

A

GI bleeding, hypersensitivity

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3
Q

Unique/common side effect of bleomycin?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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4
Q

Unique/common side effect of cyclophosphamide?

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis

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5
Q

Unique/common side effect of buproprion?

A

Seizures

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6
Q

Unique/common side effect of isoniazid?

A

Vitamin B6 deficiency, lupus-like syndrome, liver toxicity

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7
Q

Unique/common side effect of cyclosporine?

A

Renal toxicity

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8
Q

Unique/common side effect of penicillins?

A

Anaphylaxis, rash with EBV

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9
Q

Unique/common side effect of ACEI?

A

Cough, angioedema

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10
Q

Unique/common side effect of demeclocycline?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

Unique/common side effect of lithium?

A

Diabetes insipidus, thyroid dysfunction

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12
Q

Unique/common side effect of methoxyflurane?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

Unique/common side effect of sulfa drugs?

A

Allergies, kernicterus in neonates

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14
Q

Unique/common side effect of halothane?

A

Liver necrosis

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15
Q

Unique/common side effect of local anesthetic?

A

Seizures

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16
Q

Unique/common side effect of phenytoin?

A

Folate deficiency, teratogen, hirsutism

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17
Q

Unique/common side effect of vincristine?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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18
Q

Unique/common side effect of amiodarone?

A

Thyroid dysfunction, pulmonary toxicity

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19
Q

Unique/common side effect of valproic acid?

A

Neural tube defects in offspring

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20
Q

Unique/common side effect of isoretinoin?

A

Terrible teratogen

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21
Q

Unique/common side effect of thioridazine?

A

Retinal deposits, cardiac toxicity

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22
Q

Unique/common side effect of heparin?

A

Thrombocytopenia, thrombosis

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23
Q

Unique/common side effect of vancomycin?

A

Red man syndrome

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24
Q

Unique/common side effect of clofibrate?

A

Increased GI neoplasms

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25
Q

Unique/common side effect of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity, teeth staining in children

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26
Q

Unique/common side effect of quinolones?

A

Teratogens (cartilage damage)

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27
Q

Unique/common side effect of quinine?

A

Cinchonism (tinnitus, vertigo)

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28
Q

Unique/common side effect of morphine?

A

Sphincter of Oddi spasm

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29
Q

Unique/common side effect of clindamycin?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis (can be caused by any broad-spectrum antibiotic)

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30
Q

Unique/common side effect of chloramphenicol?

A

Aplastic anemia, gray-baby syndrome

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31
Q

Unique/common side effect of doxorubicin?

A

Cardiomyopathy (dilated)

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32
Q

Unique/common side effect of busulfan?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

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33
Q

Unique/common side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

Tyramine crisis (after eating cheese or wine)

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34
Q

Unique/common side effect of hydralazine?

A

Lupus-like syndrome

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35
Q

Unique/common side effect of procainamide?

A

Lupus-like syndrome

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36
Q

Unique/common side effect of minoxidil?

A

Hirsutism

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37
Q

Unique/common side effect of aminoglycoside?

A

Hearing loss, renal toxicity

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38
Q

Unique/common side effect of acetaminophen?

A

Liver toxicity (in high doses)

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39
Q

Unique/common side effect of chlorpropamide?

A

SIADH

40
Q

Unique/common side effect of oxytocin?

A

SIADH

41
Q

Unique/common side effect of opiates?

A

SIADH

42
Q

Unique/common side effect of didanosine (ddI)?

A

Pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy

43
Q

Unique/common side effect of halogen anesthesia?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

44
Q

Unique/common side effect of succinylcholine?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

45
Q

Unique/common side effect of zidovudine (AZT)?

A

Bone marrow suppression

46
Q

Unique/common side effect of digitalis?

A

GI disorders, vision changes, arrhythmias

47
Q

Unique/common side effect of acetazolamide?

A

Metabolic acidosis

48
Q

Unique/common side effect of clozapine?

A

Agranulocytosis

49
Q

Unique/common side effect of SSRIs?

A

Anxiety, agitation, insomnia, sexual dysfunction

50
Q

Unique/common side effect of warfarin?

A

Necrosis, teratogen

51
Q

Unique/common side effect of niacin?

A

Skin flushing, pruritus

52
Q

Unique/common side effect of HMC Coa reductase inhibitors?

A

Liver and muscle toxicity

53
Q

Unique/common side effect of ethambutol?

A

Optic neuritis

54
Q

Unique/common side effect of metronidazole?

A

Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol

55
Q

Unique/common side effect of cisplatin?

A

Nephrotoxicity

56
Q

Unique/common side effect of methyldopa?

A

Hemoytic anemia (Coombs test-positive)

57
Q

What are the side effects of thiazide diuretics?

A

Calcium retention, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia
They are sulfa drugs - watch out for sulfa allergy!!

58
Q

What are the side effects of loop diuretics?

A

Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia (more potent than thiazides), ototoxicity, calcium excretion
With the exception of ethacrynic acid, they are sulfa drugs

59
Q

What are the side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Metabolic acidosis

60
Q

What are the side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. spironolactone)?

A

Hyperkalemia

61
Q

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

A

Sedation, depression, and sexual dysfunction. Also bradycardia and heart block in susceptible patients. can precipitate asthmatic attacks and mask symptoms of hypoglycemia (avoid in asthmatics/COPD and diabetics).
Beta1-selective beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol) or combined beta and alpha blocker (carvedilol) is preferred if beta locker is needed to treated another condition such as heart disease.

62
Q

What class of antihypertensive agents is best known for severe, first-dose orthostatic hypotension.

A

Alpha1-antagonists

63
Q

What antihypertensive is best known for causing depression?

A

Methyldopa. Beta blockers may also cause depression.

64
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to acetaminophen?

A

Acetylcysteine

65
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Atropine, pralidoxime

66
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to quinidine or TCAs?

A

Sodium bicarbonate (cardioprotective)

67
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to iron?

A

Deferoxamine

68
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to digoxin?

A

Normalize potassium and other electrolytes; digoxin antibodies

69
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to methanol/ethylene glycol?

A

Ethanol

70
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

71
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to beta blockers?

A

Glucagon

72
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to lead?

A

Edetate (EDTA); use succimer in children

73
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to copper or gold?

A

Penicillamine

74
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to opioids?

A

Naloxone

75
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to carbon monoxide?

A

Oxygen (hyperbaric in cases of severe poisoning)

76
Q

What is the antidote for overdose or toxic exposure to muscarinic blockers?

A

Physostigmine

77
Q

What may happen if you give an MAO inhibitors plus meperidine?

A

Coma

78
Q

What may happen if you give an aminoglycoside plus loop diuretic?

A

Enhanced ototoxicity

79
Q

What may happen if you give a thiazide plus lithium?

A

Lithium toxicity

80
Q

What may happen if you give an MAO inhibitor plus SSRI?

A

Serotonin syndrome (hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, and autonomic instability)

81
Q

What prophylactic medication should be given to contacts of a patient with neisserial meningitis?

A

Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin

82
Q

Name 3 medications that cause hepatic enzyme induction

A

Classic enzyme inducers: barbiturates, antiepileptics, and rifampin

83
Q

Name 3 medications that cause hepatic enzyme inhibition

A

Classic enzyme inhibitors: cimetidine, erythromycin, and ketoconazole

84
Q

True or false: If a patient responds to placebo, a psychosomatic condition can be diagnosed.

A

False. Response to placebo means only that the patient responded to placebo. Normal people with real diseases often have an improvement in symptoms with a placebo medication or treatment.

85
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for aspirin and other NSAIDs. How do they differ?

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase centrally and peripherally, causing anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antiplatelet effects.
Aspirin binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase irreversibly. One dose can cause antiplatelet effects for the entire life of the platelet, whereas the effects of other NSAIDs last only for several hours.

86
Q

How is acetaminophen different from aspirin and other NSAIDs?

A

Thought to inhibit cyclooxygenase primarily in the brain; it does not act well in the periphery of the body. Thus it has analgesic and antipyretic effects but no antiplatelet or significant anti-inflammatory effects.

87
Q

What are the side effects and toxic effects of aspirin?

A

Causes GI upset and bleeding - most important preventable risk factor for development of gastric ulcers. Can also cause renal damage or aggravate gout.
Toxic doses of aspirin can cause tinnitus, vertigo, respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, coma, and death. Severe overdoses can be removed by dialysis.

88
Q

What are the side effects of non-aspirin NSAIDs?

A

GI upset, bleeding, and ulcers. May cause renal damage (interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis and/or papillary necrosis), esp. in patients with preexisting renal disease.

89
Q

What is phenylbutazone and why should it not be used chronically?

A

NSAID that can cause fatal aplastic anemia/agranulocytosis

90
Q

What development in NSAID therapy may reduce GI and bleeding complications?

A

New combos of NSAIDs with PGE1 and COX2 inhibitors. Normal NSAIDs inhibit COX1 (in addition to COX2), which is thought to be the main culprit in causing GI problems. PGE1 protects the stomach by supplying what NSAIDs take away. COX2 inhibitors avoid the problem altogether, but may not be as protective against GI bleeding as originally thought. 2/3 COX2 inhibitors initially approved in the U.S. have been removed from the market due to adverse CV effects.

91
Q

What happens with an overdose of acetaminophen?

A

Liver toxicity due to depletion of glutathione. Treat with acetylcysteine to decrease liver injury.

92
Q

What age group should not be given aspirin?

A

Children younger than 15 y/o (esp. with fever or viral infection) because of concern for Reye syndrome.

93
Q

What finding on physical exam is a contraindication to aspirin use?

A

Nasal polyps because hypersensitivity reactions involving an asthmatic attack are extremely common. Also, people with asthma may have an asthma attack after aspirin even in the absence of nasal polyps.

94
Q

What is the relationship between aspirin and MI?

A

Low-dose aspirin has been proven to be of benefit in reducing the risk of MI in patients with previous MI or those with stable or unstable angina. It is also recommended for all diabetics with CV disease and for primary prevention in those with 1 or more risk factors.

95
Q

Discuss the relationship between aspirin and strokes.

A

Low-dose aspirin is of proven benefit in reducing strokes in patients with transient ischemic attacks and/or known carotid artery stenosis.

96
Q

True or false: Patients should be given an aspirin as soon as possible in the ED for a suspected MI or unstable angina.

A

True, but beware the patient who presents with chest pain and ends up having an aortic dissection (aspiring should be avoided then).

97
Q

True or false: In the setting of an acute neurologic deficit, you should give aspirin before ordering brain imaging.

A

False. You do not know whether they are having a stroke or TIA. TIA is a retrospective diagnosis made once symptoms clear. First order a CT or MRI to rule our hemorrhagic stroke and potentially locate an area of infarct, which is a contraindication to aspirin. If the CT is negative for blood, the patient should be given aspirin 325 mg within 24-48 hrs of TIA or stroke onset.

Step 2 Secrets 🍾 (22 decks)

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