Pharmacology

Question 1

Distinguish between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

PharmacoDynamics - how the Drug affects the body

Pharmacokinetics - how the body affects the drug (disposition of a compound within an organism)

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics 4 principles (ADME)

Answer 2

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Transfer of drug from administration site to the circulation

Question 4

Distribution

Answer 4

Transfer of drug from general circulation to tissues and back

Question 5

Metabolism

Answer 5

Transformation of drug molecule into different molecule

Question 6

Excretion

Answer 6

Molecule expelled either in solid, liquid or gaseous state

Question 7

Elimination

Answer 7

Removal of a drugs activity from the body

Elimination includes metabolism and excretion

Question 8

Bioavailability

Answer 8

The fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unaltered
IV = 100%
Oral = <100%

Question 9

Efficacy

Answer 9

How well ligand activates receptor (full or partial agonist)

Question 10

Potency

Answer 10

Binding affinity

Question 11

5 Muscarinic receptors and their effects on body

Answer 11

M1 - Brain
M2 - Heart (Slows down)
M3 - Glandular/SM (Bronchoconstriction, sweating, salivary gland secretion)
M4/M5 - CNS

Question 12

Salbutamol

Answer 12

B2 adrenoreceptor agonist
SABA (Short acting Beta-agonist)
Asthma

Question 13

Which NS branch does noradrenaline (NAd) work on?

Answer 13

Sympathetic

Question 14

Effects on body when noradrenaline (NAd) binds to alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoreceptors

Answer 14

Alpha-1) Vasoconstriction, mydriasis (pupil dilates), contraction of bladder neck (urinary retention)
Alpha-2) Reduces insulin production from pancreas

Question 15

Effects on body when noradrenaline (NAd) binds to beta-1, beta-2 and beta-3 adrenoreceptors

Answer 15

Beta-1) Increased HR/BP
Beta-2) Vasodilation, bronchodilation, decreased GI motility
Beta-3) Relaxation of bladder

Question 16

Opposite to agonists

Answer 16

Blockers (e.g. Beta blockers)

Question 17

Name a drug which is a B-adrenoreceptor blocker

Answer 17

Atenolol (B1 selective) - Reduces HR/BP

Treats hypertension, angina, arrhythmia

Question 18

Drugs that end in -olol are classed as

Answer 18

B-adrenoreceptor blockers

Question 19

In what condition must you not prescribe a beta blocker?

Answer 19

Asthma

Question 20

4 Side effects of beta blockers

Answer 20

Wheeze
Tiredness
Bradycardia
Hypoglycaemia

Question 21

COX enzymes produce 2 molecules

Answer 21

COX 1) Thromboxane (Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation)
COX 2) Prostaglandins (Inflammation and pain)

Question 22

Name a drug other than paracetamol that is classed as a COX inhibitor

Answer 22

Aspirin
Low dose - inhibits COX1
High dose - Inhibits COX1/2

Question 23

What is the cellular effect of a paracetamol overdose

Answer 23

Cellular necrosis

Question 24

Name a drug that is an ACE inhibitor

Answer 24

Enalapril (Hypertension and heart failure)

Question 25

3 important things to consider with enalapril

Answer 25

Contraindicated in renal artery stenosis Must not prescribe in patients with eGFR <60 Side effect - Dry cough

Question 26

Name an addictive opioid

Answer 26

Morphine

Question 27

What is the bioavailability in % of oral morphine?

Answer 27

50%

Question 28

How do opioids work?

Answer 28

Inhibit descending pain signals

Question 29

4 Side effects of opioids

Answer 29

Respiratory depression Sedation Nausea/vomiting Constipation

Question 30

Name a drug that is classed as an opioid antagonist

Answer 30

Naloxone (used in overdose or respiratory depression)