Pharmacology

Question 1

What is First Order Kinetics?

Answer 1

When a constant PROPORTION of the drug is eliminated per unit time

Question 2

What is Zero Order Kinetics?

Answer 2

When a constant AMOUNT of drug is eliminated per unit time

Question 3

What is Bioavailability

Answer 3

The amount of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unaltered

Question 4

What is Adsorption?

Answer 4

The process of transfer from the site of administration to the general or systemic circulation

Question 5

What is Distribution?

Answer 5

The process by which the drug is reversibly transferred from the general circulation to the tissues as blood concentration increases. It then returns to the general circulation

Question 6

What is volume distribution?

Answer 6

The theoretical VOLUME that would be necessary to contain the total amount of administered drug at the same concentration it is held in the plasma.

= total amount of drug in body
= dose/plasma

Question 7

What is elimination?

Answer 7

The removal of drug activity from the body via metabolism or excretion

Question 8

METABOLISM.

What happens in Phase 1?

Answer 8

DEGRADATIVE

The change to a polar metabolism by unmasking/adding a functional group e.g. OH

Question 9

METABOLISM

What happens in phase 2?

Answer 9

SYNTHETIC

Conjugation —> the formation of a covalent bond makes drug less active e.g. glucuronic acid

Question 10

What are adverse drug reactions?

Answer 10

Unwanted or harmful reactions following administrations of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use and is suspected to be related to one drug.

Question 11

What is a side effect?

Answer 11

Unwanted effect of a drug

Question 12

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type A reaction?

Answer 12

Augmented pharmacological.
Predictable and dose-dependent, common
e.g. morphine and constipation

Question 13

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type B reaction?

Answer 13

Bizarre and idiosyncratic
Non-predictable/dose-dependent
e.g. Penicillin and anaphylaxis

Question 14

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type C reaction?

Answer 14

Chronic

e.g. steroids and osteoporosis

Question 15

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type D reaction?

Answer 15

Delayed

Malignancy after immunosuppression

Question 16

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type E reaction?

Answer 16

End of treatment

Opioid withdrawal

Question 17

THOMPSON CLASSIFICATION.

What is a type F reaction?

Answer 17

Failure

Question 18

What is affinity?

Answer 18

How well a drug can bind to another receptor (speed and strength)

Question 19

What is potency?

Answer 19

The amount of drug needed to produce a given effect (affinity and number of receptors)

Question 20

What is efficacy?

Answer 20

The maximum effect that a drug can produce regardless of dose (E-max)

Question 21

What is an agonist?

Answer 21

A compound that binds to a receptor and activates it

Question 22

What is an antagonist?

Answer 22

A compound that binds to a receptor and inhibits it

Question 23

DRUG INTERACTIONS

What is meant by “Physiochemical?”

Answer 23

When the drugs physically react with one another e.g. paracetamol and activated charcoal adsorption

Question 24

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 24

What the drug does to the body e.g. Beta blockers reduce the HR

Question 25

PHARMACODYNAMICS What is meant by summation?

Answer 25

The effect of 2 drugs together 1+1 = 2 So you can give half of each and get the same response

Question 26

PHARMACODYNAMICS What is meant by synergism?

Answer 26

Where 2 drugs are put together, and the sum of their parts is greater than is expected e.g. paracetamol and morphine 1+1 > 2

Question 27

PHARMACODYNAMICS What is meant by antagonism?

Answer 27

Where 2 drugs work against each other e.g. morphine and naloxone 1 + 1 = 0

Question 28

PHARMACODYNAMICS What is meant by potentiation?

Answer 28

Where 2 drugs interact, and 1 drug makes the other drug more “powerful” e.g. probenecid and penicillin 1 + 1 = 1.5, A--> B but not same as B--> A

Question 29

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 29

The effect the body has on the drug

Question 30

What type of molecule are drug targets usually?

Answer 30

Proteins such as receptors, enzymes, transporters and ion channels

Question 31

Give an example of ligand-gated receptors

Answer 31

Nicotinic ACh receptors

Question 32

Give an example of something that targets G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 32

Beta adrenoreceptors

Question 33

Give an example of kinase-linked receptors

Answer 33

Growth factors

Question 34

Give an example of nuclear receptors

Answer 34

Steroid receptors

Question 35

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY What is a Type I reaction?

Answer 35

IgE mediated response after previous exposure e.g. anaphylaxis from bee stings, nuts

Question 36

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY What is a Type II reaction?

Answer 36

Antibody (IgG, IgM) mediated against drug

Question 37

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY What is a Type III reaction?

Answer 37

Immune complex mediates i.e. antigen and antibody e.g. SLE, hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Question 38

ANAPHYLAXIS AND HYPERSENSITIVITY What is a Type IV reaction?

Answer 38

Delayed/T cell-mediated e.g. chronic graft rejections

Question 39

How do you manage anaphylaxis?

Answer 39

``` ABC Stop drug ADRENALINE Oxygen IV fluids IV anti-histamine and hydrocortisone ```

Question 40

What is tolerance?

Answer 40

When down-regulation of a receptor occurs so you need a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same response

Question 41

What do you give to treat an opioid overdose?

Answer 41

Naloxone