Pharmacology

Question 1

Anti-Psychotics (Role)

Answer 1

• directed at inhibiting dopamine transmission

Question 2

Chlorpromazine is a type of..

Answer 2

Anti-psychotic (first gen)

Question 3

Haloperidol is a type of..

Answer 3

Anti-psychotic (first gen)

Question 4

Perphenazine is a type of…

Answer 4

Anti-psychotic (first gen)

Question 5

Fluphenazine is a type of…

Answer 5

Anti-psychotic (first gen)

Question 6

Unique adverse effect of anti-psychotic?

Answer 6

• long term effect can lead to tar dive dyskinesia

Question 7

Sedatives/Hypotnics (role)

Answer 7

• depress the CNS to produce calming and relaxing effects

Question 8

Estazolam, flurazepam, quazepam, and clonazepam are all types of….

Answer 8

Benzodiazepines

Question 9

What are benzodiazepines used to treat?

Answer 9

• anxiety, seizures, spasticity

- type of sedative

Question 10

Major adverse effect of benzodiazepine?

Answer 10

Physical dependence, with serious withdrawal symptoms

Question 11

Amobarbital, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital are all examples of?

Answer 11

Barbituates (non-benzodiazepines)

Question 12

What is the primary role of a barbituate?

Answer 12

• used to promote sleep
• general anesthetic
• not commonly used b/c highly addictive

Question 13

Zaleplon, zolpidem, and eszopiclone are all what type of medication?

Answer 13

Non-benzodiazepine sedative

Question 14

What is the primary use of dexmedetomidine (precedex)?

Answer 14

• sedative in ICU to control agitation, anxiety,etc

- decreases sympathetic response

Question 15

What is Carbamazepine (Tegretol) used to treat?

Answer 15

Partial seizures

Question 16

What is Phenytoin (Dilantin)) used to for?

Answer 16

Partial seizures

Question 17

What is oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) used for?

Answer 17

partial seizures

Question 18

What is Valproic Acid (Valproate) used for?

Answer 18

Partial seizures and tonic clonic seizures

Question 19

What is Lamotrigine (lamictal) used for?

Answer 19

Generalized tonic -clonic seizures

Question 20

What is topiramate (topamax) used for?

Answer 20

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

Question 21

Methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamines, and dopamine agonists are all classified as what type of medication?

Answer 21

Neurostimulant

Question 22

Tizanidine is used to treat what?

Answer 22

Spasticity (oral)

Question 23

Baclofen is used to treat what?

Answer 23

Spasticity (oral)

Question 24

Diazepam is used to treat what?

Answer 24

Spasticity (oral)

Question 25

Dantrolene sodium is used to treat what?

Answer 25

Spasticity

Question 26

Clonidine is used to treat what?

Answer 26

Spasticity (oral)

Question 27

Gabapentin is used to treat what?

Answer 27

Spasticity (oral)

Question 28

Tizanidine is specifically used when, when treating spasticity?

Answer 28

In conditions with marked muscle weakness

Question 29

What is the primary mechanism of action for Baclofen?

Answer 29

binds to GABA receptors and inhibits spinal reflexes

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of Diazepam when treating spasticity?

Answer 30

Inhibits GABA receptors and pre/post synaptic reflexes - used with painful spasms, especially at night

Question 31

What is the mechanism of action for dantrolene sodium?

Answer 31

Acts directly on skeletal muscle by preventing release of Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum - used with severe spasms and spinal cord lesions

Question 32

What is the mechanism of action for Clonidine when treating spasticity?

Answer 32

- decreases polysynaptic reflex activity | - used with spasticity associated with uncontrolled hypertension

Question 33

What is the mechanism of action for Gabapentin when acting on spasticity?

Answer 33

- similar structure to GABA | - used with MS and SCI

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of Botulinum Toxin injections when acting on spasticity?

Answer 34

- acts on neuromuscular junction by inhibiting release of acetylcholine at pre-synaptic terminal - results in weakness and decreased muscle tone - lasts 2-6 mos

Question 35

Which antibiotic can damage hair cells?

Answer 35

Gentamicin

Question 36

Which medication for HD is used to suppress chorea?

Answer 36

Tetrabenazine

Question 37

Which is the only medication approved to treat ALS?

Answer 37

Riluzole

Question 38

Which medication is the gold standard for treating PD?

Answer 38

Levodopa-Carbidopa (Sinemet)

Question 39

What is the mechanism of action of Levodopa?

Answer 39

Precursor to dopamine that is able to cross the BBB, b/c dopamine cannot

Question 40

What is the role of Carbidopa?

Answer 40

Prevents Levodopa from converting into dopamine in the periphery

Question 41

What is the role of Dopamine agonists when treating PD?

Answer 41

- directly stimulates dopamine receptors - used for initial or adjunct therapy with sinemet - longer half life of sinemet but not as effective

Question 42

Mirapex, Requip, and Neupro are all what category of medication?

Answer 42

Dopamine agonists treating PD

Question 43

What is the role of COMT inhibitors when treating PD?

Answer 43

- prevents peripheral degradation of levodopa | - may decrease “off” time or reduce levodopa dose necessary for clinical effect

Question 44

Comtan and Tasmar are categorized as what type of medication?

Answer 44

COMT inhibitor

Question 45

What is the role of MAO type-B inhibitors in treating PD?

Answer 45

- blocks the breakdown of dopamine in the brain

Question 46

Selegiline and Rasagiline are what type of medication?

Answer 46

MAO type B inhibitor

Question 47

What is the role of anticholinergics when treating PD?

Answer 47

- reduce over-activity of acetylcholine; inhibit dopamine reuptake in the striatum - used mainly for tremors and rigidity

Question 48

Artane and Cogentin are what type of medication?

Answer 48

Anticholinergics

Question 49

What is the role of amantadine when treating PD?

Answer 49

- dopamine agonist and dopamine reuptake inhibitor | - often used to treat dyskinesia

Question 50

Symmetries and Kemadrin are what type of medication?

Answer 50

Amantadine

Question 51

What kind of medication is meclizine?

Answer 51

Vestibular suppressant