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Human Epithelial Biology > Pharmacology and physiology of the Small Intestine > Flashcards

Pharmacology and physiology of the Small Intestine Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum

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2
Q

What products does the small intestine receive?

A

chyme from the stomach
pancreatic juice from pancreas
bile from the gall bladder

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3
Q

Which sphincter does the pancreatic juices and bile come from?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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4
Q

What does the small intestine secrete?

A

Succus entericus (intestinal juice)

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5
Q

What types of stimuli influence the small intestine?

A

Mechanical
Neuronal
Hormonal

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6
Q

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

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7
Q

What is the villi made of?

A

Epithelial cells
Endothelial cells
Exocrine cells
Mucous secreting cells

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8
Q

What are the villi?

A

The circular folds which have an associated epithelium

the folded epithelium is the villi

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9
Q

Describe the villi vascular supply

A

Each villi has it’s own vascular supply in capillaries

In the lumen, there is a central lacteal vessel which drains into the lymph vessels then into the systemic circulation

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10
Q

What are the microvilli?

A

The apical membrane of the epithelial cells are folded into microvilli
Gives a brush border appearance

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11
Q

What are the small intestine hormones?

A 
Gastrin 
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin 
Motilin 
Glucagon like insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)
Ghrelin
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12
Q

Where is gastrin made?

A

G cells in the gastric antrum and duodenum

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13
Q

Where is CCK made?

A

From I cells of duodenum and jejunum

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14
Q

Where is secretin made?

A

From S cells of duodenum

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15
Q

where is the motilin made?

A

From M cells of duodenum and jejunum

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16
Q

Where is GIP made?

A

K cells of the duodenum and jejunum

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17
Q

Where is GLP-1 made?

A

L cells of the gut

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18
Q

What are GIP and GLP-1?

A

Incretins

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19
Q

What is the function of GIP and GLP-1?

A

Acts on the beta cells and makes them release insulin and makes them more sensitive to insulin - feed forward mechanism - happens before blood glucose levels begin to rise

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20
Q

Where is ghrelin made?

A

Gr cells of the gastric antrum, small intestine and elsewhere

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21
Q

What does the succus entericus contain?

A

Mucus - for protection/ lubrication
Aqueous salt - for enzymatic digestion
No digestive enzymes

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22
Q

Where is the mucus from?

A

The goblet cells

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23
Q

Where is the aqueous salt from?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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24
Q

What mediates brush border digestion?

A

Digestive enzymes at the surface of the epithelial cells

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25
What is the process of succus entericus formation similar to?
primary secretion formation in salivary glands
26
What initiates small intestine segmentation?
The small intestine pacemaker cells
27
What activates segmentation of the duodenum?
distension
28
What activates segmentation of the empty ileum?
Gastrin from the stomach
29
Why is segmentation slow?
For nutrient absorption
30
What two ways is chyme mixed in the small intestine?
peristalsis and segmentation
31
What are the two types of peristalsis?
A few localisation contractions | Migrating motor complex (MMC)
32
Function of MMC
Strong peristaltic contractions passing length of the intestine clears the small intestine of debris, mucus and sloughed epithelial cells between meals
33
What inhibits MMC?
Feeding and vagal activity
34
What triggers MMC?
Motillin
35
What hormones suppress MMC?
gastrin | CCK
36
What are the endocrine pancreatic secretions?
insulin and glucagon
37
Where are the endocrine pancreatic secretions secreted into?
The blood
38
What are the exocrine pancreatic secretions?
``` Digestive enzymes (acinar cells) aqueous NaHCO3- solution (duct cells) ```
39
where are the exocrine pancreatic secretions secreted into?
Duodenum collectively as pancreatic juice
40
What is the function of secretions from the pancreatic duct cells?
Neutralises acidic chyme entering the duodenum
41
Why is neutralisation of acidic chyme important?
provides optimum pH for pancreatic enzyme function | protects the mucosa from erosion by acid
42
What are protein enzymes made as?
pro-proteases
43
Name the three pro-proteases
trypsinogen chymotrypsinogen procarboxypeptidase A and B
44
What enzymes is used in the conversion of trypsinogen?
enterokinase
45
Where are the pro-proteases converted into proteases?
Duodenum - on the surface of the mucosal cells
46
What do tyrpsin do?
Autocatalysis it's self | Catalyses the conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin
47
What is trypsinogen converted to?
Trypsin
48
What does chymotrypsin do?
converts procarboxypeptidase A and B to carboxypeptidase A and B
49
What are the three phases of controlling pancreatic secretions?
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
50
What mediates the cephalic phase?
Vagal stimulation of acinar cells
51
What mediates the gastric phase?
Gastric distension evokes a vagovagal reflex resulting in parasympathetic stimulation of acinar and duct cells
52
What is digestion?
The enzymatic conversion of complex dietary substances into a form which can be absorbed
53
What is absorption?
The process by which absorbable products of digestion are transferred across both the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes
54
What is the vagovagal reflex?
A stimulus which is detected by the sensory elements of the vagus, this is then relayed into motor elements of the vagus and causing a feedback response
55
What are the two types of digestion in the small intestine?
Luminal digestion | Membrane digestion
56
Describe luminal digestion
mediated by pancreatic enzymes secreted from the duodenum
57
Describe membrane digestion
mediated by enzymes situated at the brush border epithelial
58
What are enterocytes?
The epithelial cells which control membrane digestion
59
Which compound can enter the epithelial cell without being broken down but then has to broken down to enter the interstitial space?
Peptide
60
What compound is broken down in the lumen and then reformed in the epithelium?
Triacylglycerol

Human Epithelial Biology (6 decks)

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