Pharmacology antibiotics Flashcards
(37 cards)
List the 7 factors i as a doctor should consider when selecting antibiotic.
Factors for choosing antibiotics:
Likely or specific microorganisms
Mechanism of action (combination therapy)
Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic properties
Allergy history, age, pharmacokinetics, renal and hepatic function, pregnancy status, anatomic site of infection, defenses of host
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Cost of medication
Adverse effects
List the 8 classes of antibitoics
-Sulfonamides
-Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Macrolides
-Fluoroquinolones
-Aminoglycosides
-Tetracyclines
-Miscellaneous antibacterials
Explain what do Sulfonamides treat
-BURNS
-UTI’s
-Otis media
-Lower respitory infections
-Malaria
-eye infections
Explain the use of Sulfonamides today
-Development of resistant bacteria
-Significant side effects
-Avaliablity of other drugs.
Explain mechanism of Sulfonamides
Sulfonamides interfere with folic acid synthesis by preventing addition of PABA into the folic acid by competing for the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase.
Efficacy is enhanced when used with trimethoprim
What are the four classes of penicillin
Four classes: (1)natural, (2)penicillinase-resistant, (3)aminopenicillins, and (4)extended-spectrum
Explain how Pencillin inhbits bacterial infections
In bacterial world, DD-transpeptidase was the beloved matchmaker, like a Tinder for peptidoglycan molecules. His job? Linking peptidoglycan husbands and wives together to form a happy, strong family—the cell wall.
But one day, Penny Penicillin decided to shake things up. Armed with her shiny β-lactam ring (she cant go in without ring), she had a plan to ruin everything.
As DD-transpeptidase worked tirelessly to connect peptidoglycan couples, Penny swooped in and attached herself to him. She clung so tightly that TV couldn’t do his matchmaking anymore. The peptidoglycan cross links divorced.
What is peniclin used for
-Gonorrhea
-syphilis
-Strep throat/ tonsilits
-Gangrene
-Meningitis
-Joint infection
What i common reaction from penicllin
Black hairy tongue, rash.
what are Serious Adverse effects for penicllin
neurotoxicity in high doses.
Avoid penicillin if
AVOID IF…
-hypersensitivity to penicillins or cephalosporin
-Use cautiously in patients with renal disease
-Effectiveness may decrease if used with tetracyclines.
-May interact with anticoagulants, diuretics, some NSAIDS,
Name the penicllins
1)Penicillin G potassium , 2)Cloxacillin, 3)amoxicillin, 4)Ticarcillin, 5)Mezlocillin.
What is Cephalosporin used for
effective against several penicillin-resistant strains.
-Hypersensitivty to 5-10% of population
-Used for Post operative wound infections, soft tissue, skin, strep throat, sinus infections, ear infections, meningitis, gonorrhea, sepsis and UTIs.
-He’s aremore resistant to penicillinase and most effective against several penicillin-resistant strains.
Common pain for penicillin
-common: pain, nausea, vomiting, glossitis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, yeast infection, thrush, dizziness, rash
Name the Cephalosporin
Cefadroxil,Cefaclor, Cefixime, Cefepime.
Explain how Aminoglycoside works
A gym bro that is scared to age, he holds onto his 30’s (subunit 30) which inhibits proofreading and result in faulty proteins. He is obsessed with his muscle thus this Is taken through muscle injection
Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides
1)Ototoxicity: His loud music in the gym damages his hearing (aminoglycosides damage the inner ear).
2)Nephrotoxicity: He drinks too many protein shakes, straining his kidneys.
3)Neuromuscular Blockade: His excessive workout supplements cause occasional muscle paralysis or weakness.He’s bad at working with some partners (penicillins reduce his effectiveness) but too intense with others (increases warfarin’s effect, higher ototoxicity risk with loop diuretics).
Name the aminoglycosides
1)Gentamicin
2)Streptomycin
3)Vancomycin
Explain Macrolides
Alternative drug in pts allergic to penicillin
-He is 5.0 years old (works by Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome.)
-Treats COPD, tonsillitis, pneumonia, duodenal ulcers, rheumatic fever, Legionnaires’ disease, STIs, some skin infections, ear infections, traveller’s diarrhea
-This boy eats so much macaroni he has GI issues because of it, Nessus, diarrhea, he also needs to throw up and opens the liver lever (can cause hepatotoxicity). His big ears (ototoxicity) and Long QT syndrome.
What cases should you avoide macrolides
Avoid use in patient with a history of erythromycin-associated hepatitis or liver dysfunction.
Macrolides may interfere with metabolism of digoxin (cardiac medication), corticosteroids, and cyclosporine (an immunosuppressant ). Interactions with cyclosporine can cause toxicity.
List the macrolides
1)Azithromycin
2)Clarithomycin
3)Erythromycin base
What does Fluoroquinolones treat
Prophylaxis, UTIs, prostatitis, STIs, pneumonia, infections of bones and joints, anthrax, GI and abdominal infections and eye infections.
How does Fluoroquinolones work
Interfere with DNA gyrase, an enzyme required by bacteria for synthesis of DNA.
What are sever side effects of Fluoroquinolones
Severe: nephrotoxicity, neuropsychiatric effects, cardiac abnormalities (long QT), liver dysfunction, damaged cartilage or tendons (in children)
