Pharmacology Basics

Question 1

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-bendazole’ are what?

Answer 1

Antiparasitics / antihelminthics

(e.g. mebendazole)

Question 2

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-cillin’ are what?

Answer 2

Transpeptidase inhibitors

(e.g. ampicillin)

Question 3

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-conazole’ are what?

Answer 3

Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors

(e.g. itraconazole)

Question 4

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-cycline’ are what?

Answer 4

Protein synthesis inhibitors

(e.g. tetracycline)

Question 5

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-ivir’ are what?

Answer 5

Neuraminidase inhibitors

(e.g. oseltamivir)

Question 6

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-navir’ are what?

Answer 6

Protease inhibitors

(e.g. ritonavir)

Question 7

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-ovir’ are what?

Answer 7

Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

(e.g. acyclovir)

Question 8

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-tegravir’ are what?

Answer 8

Integrase inhibitors

(e.g. elvitegravir)

Question 9

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-thromycin’ are what?

Answer 9

Macrolide antibiotics

(e.g. azithromycin)

Question 10

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-apine’ are what?

Answer 10

Atypical antipsychotics

(e.g. clozapine)

Question 11

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-idone’ are what?

Answer 11

Atypical antipsychotics

(e.g. risperidone)

Question 12

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-azine’ are what?

Answer 12

Typical antipsychotics

(e.g. thioridazine)

Question 13

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-barbital’ are what?

Answer 13

Barbituates

(e.g. phenobarbital)

Question 14

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-ipramine’ are what?

Answer 14

Tricyclic antidepressants

(e.g. imipramine)

Question 15

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-triptyline’ are what?

Answer 15

Tricyclic antidepressants

(e.g. amitriptyline)

Question 16

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-triptan’ are what?

Answer 16

5-HT_1B/1D agonists

(e.g. sumatriptan)

Question 17

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-zepam’ are what?

Answer 17

Benzodiazepines

(e.g. diazepam)

Question 18

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-zolam’ are what?

Answer 18

Benzodiazepines

(e.g. alprazolam)

Question 19

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-chol’ are what?

Answer 19

Cholinergic agonists

(e.g. bethanechol)

Question 20

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-olol’ are what?

Answer 20

Beta antagonists

(e.g. atenolol)

Question 21

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-stigmine’ are what?

Answer 21

AChE inhibitors

(e.g. neostigmine)

Question 22

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-terol’ are what?

Answer 22

Beta₂-agonists

(e.g. albuterol)

Question 23

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-zosin’ are what?

Answer 23

Alpha₁-antagonists

(e.g. prazosin)

Question 24

First Aid Pharmacology Basics

Drugs that end in ‘-afil’ are what?

Answer 24

PDE-5 inhibitors

(e.g. sildenafil)

Question 25

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-dipine' are what?

Answer 25

DHP Ca²⁺ channel blockers | (e.g. nife**dipine**)

Question 26

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-pril' are what?

Answer 26

ACE inhibitors | (e.g. cato**pril**)

Question 27

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-sartan' are what?

Answer 27

ARBs | (e.g. lo**sartan**)

Question 28

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-xaban' are what?

Answer 28

Direct factor Xa inhibitors (e. g. api**xaban**) * (They perform an 'Xa' 'ban.')*

Question 29

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-gliflozin' are what?

Answer 29

SGLT2 inhibitors | (e.g. dapa**gliflozin**)

Question 30

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-glinide' are what?

Answer 30

Meglitinides | (e.g. repa**glinide**)

Question 31

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-gliptin' are what?

Answer 31

DPP-4 inhibitors | (e.g. sita**gliptin**)

Question 32

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-glitazone' are what?

Answer 32

PPAR-gamma activators | (e.g. rosi**glitazone**)

Question 33

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-glutide' are what?

Answer 33

GLP-1 analogs | (e.g. albi**glutide**)

Question 34

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-dronate' are what?

Answer 34

Bisphosphonates | (e.g. alen**dronate**)

Question 35

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-limus' are what?

Answer 35

mTOR inhibitors | (e.g. evero**limus**)

Question 36

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-prazole' are what?

Answer 36

Proton pump inhibitors | (e.g. ome**prazole**)

Question 37

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-prost' are what?

Answer 37

Prostaglandin analog | (e.g. latano**prost**)

Question 38

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-sentan' are what?

Answer 38

Endothelin receptor antagonists | (e.g. bo**sentan**)

Question 39

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-tidine' are what?

Answer 39

H₂-antagonists | (e.g. cime**tidine**)

Question 40

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-vaptan' are what?

Answer 40

ADH antagonists | (e.g. tol**vaptan**)

Question 41

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-ximab' are what?

Answer 41

Chimeric human-mouse monoclonal antibodies (e.g. ritu**ximab**)

Question 42

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-zumab' are what?

Answer 42

Humanized mouse monoclonal antibodies | (e.g. bevaci**zumab**)

Question 43

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-umab' are what?

Answer 43

Human monoclonal antibodies | (e.g. denos**umab**)

Question 44

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-tinib' are what?

Answer 44

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | (e.g. ima**tinib**)

Question 45

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-zomib' are what?

Answer 45

Proteasome inhibitors | (e.g. borte**zomib**)

Question 46

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-ciclib' are what?

Answer 46

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors | (e.g. palbo**ciclib**)

Question 47

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-cept' are what?

Answer 47

TNF-alpha antagonists | (e.g. etaner**cept**)

Question 48

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-leukin' are what?

Answer 48

Interleukin-2 agonists or analogs | (e.g. aldes**leukin**)

Question 49

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Drugs that end in '-kinra' are what?

Answer 49

Interleukin receptor antagonists | (e.g. ana**kinra**)

Question 50

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Reversible competitive inhibitors have what effect on Vmax and K_M?

Answer 50

Vmax - None K_M - Increased

Question 51

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Irreversible competitive inhibitors have what effect on Vmax and K_M?

Answer 51

Vmax - Decreased K_M - None

Question 52

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Noncompetitive inhibitors have what effect on Vmax and K_M?

Answer 52

Vmax - Decreased K_M - None

Question 53

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What effect do reversible competitive inhibitors have on either potency or efficacy?

Answer 53

Potency decreases

Question 54

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What effect do noncompetitive inhibitors and irreversible competitive inhibitors have on either potency or efficacy?

Answer 54

Efficacy decreases

Question 55

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics IV drugs follow what bioavailability?

Answer 55

100%

Question 56

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Oral drugs follow what bioavailability? Why?

Answer 56

\< 100% incomplete absorption + first-pass metabolism

Question 57

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What equation gives the volume of distribution of a particular drug?

Answer 57

V_d = **amount of drug in body** / **plasma drug concentration**

Question 58

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What two equations give the clearance of a particular drug?

Answer 58

1. ) CL = **rate of elimination** / **plasma drug concentration** 2. ) CL = **V_d** \* **K_e** (K_e = elimination constant)

Question 59

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What equation gives the half-life for a particular drug that follows first-order elimination?

Answer 59

T_1/2 = **0.7** \* **V_d** / **Clearance**

Question 60

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What equation gives the loading dose for a particular drug?

Answer 60

Loading dose = **target [plasma]** \* **V**_d / **bioavailable fraction**

Question 61

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What equation gives the maintenance dose for a particular drug?

Answer 61

Maintenance dose = **target [plasma]** \* **clearance \* dosage interval** / **bioavailable fraction**

Question 62

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics In renal disease, what happens to maintenance and loading dose for a particular drug?

Answer 62

**Maintenance dose decreases** Loading dose remains unchanged

Question 63

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics In liver disease, what happens to maintenance and loading dose for a particular drug?

Answer 63

**Maintenance dose decreases** Loading dose remains unchanged

Question 64

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Describe the following drug interaction: ## Footnote *the effect of substance A and substance B together is equal to the sum of their individual effects.*

Answer 64

Additive

Question 65

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Describe the following drug interaction: ## Footnote *presence of substance A is required for the full effect of substance B*

Answer 65

Permissive

Question 66

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Describe the following drug interaction: ## Footnote *the effect of substance A and substance B together is greater than the sum of their individual effects.*

Answer 66

Synergistic

Question 67

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Describe the following drug interaction: ## Footnote *an acute decrease in response to a drug after initial/repeated administration*

Answer 67

Tachyphylactic

Question 68

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics **True/False**. Aspirin and acetaminophen have additive effects on one another.

Answer 68

True.

Question 69

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics **True/False**. Cortisol has tachyphylactic effects on catecholamines.

Answer 69

**False**. Cortisol has ***permissive*** effects on catecholamines.

Question 70

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics **True/False**. Clopidogrel and aspirin have additive effects on one another.

Answer 70

**False**. Clopidogrel and aspirin have synergistic effects on one another.

Question 71

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Do any of the following not exhibit tachyphylactic properties? ## Footnote *Nitrates, niacin, phenylephrine, LSD, MDMA*

Answer 71

No, they all exhibit tachyphylactic properties.

Question 72

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Name some example drugs which exhibit tachyphylactic properties.

Answer 72

Nitrates, niacin, phenylephrine, LSD, MDMA

Question 73

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Name a few substances that show zero-order elimination.

Answer 73

Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin

Question 74

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Zero-order elimination follows \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-limited elimination.

Answer 74

Zero-order elimination follows **_capacity_**-limited elimination. (constant, linear _amount_ eliminated per unit time)

Question 75

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics First-order elimination follows \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-dependent elimination.

Answer 75

First-order elimination follows **_flow_**-dependent elimination. (constant _fraction_/_proportion_ eliminated per unit time)

Question 76

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics How should phenobarbital toxicity be treated as far as renal excretion goes?

Answer 76

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 77

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics How should methotrexate toxicity be treated as far as renal excretion goes?

Answer 77

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 78

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics How should salicylate toxicity be treated as far as renal excretion goes?

Answer 78

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 79

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics How should tricyclic antidepressant toxicity be treated as far as renal excretion goes?

Answer 79

Ammonium chloride ## Footnote *(NOTE: TCA toxicity is generally treated with sodium bicarbonate to overcome the sodium channel blockade.)*

Question 80

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics How should amphetamine toxicity be treated as far as renal excretion goes?

Answer 80

Ammonium chloride

Question 82

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Geriatric patients lose phase ____ drug metabolism first.

Answer 82

Geriatric patients lose phase **_1_** drug metabolism first.

Question 83

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Describe the products of phase 1 drug metabolism.

Answer 83

Slightly polar, still-active, water-soluble metabolites

Question 84

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Describe the products of phase 2 drug metabolism.

Answer 84

Very polar, inactive metabolites | (renally excreted)

Question 85

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What are the processes involved in phase 1 metabolism?

Answer 85

Reduction Oxidation Hydrolysis

Question 86

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics What are the processes involved in phase 2 metabolism?

Answer 86

Conjugation (methylation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation)

Question 87

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Define drug efficacy.

Answer 87

The amount of effect a drug can produce

Question 88

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Define drug potency.

Answer 88

The amount of drug needed to produce a desired effect

Question 89

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Which is better, high therapeutic indices or low therapeutic indices?

Answer 89

High

Question 90

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics How are therapeutic indices calculated?

Answer 90

TD₅₀ / ED₅₀ (median toxic effect / median effective dose)

Question 91

# First Aid Pharmacology Basics Name a few medications with very low therapeutic indices.

Answer 91

*(**W**arning! **T**hese **d**rugs **a**re **l**ethal!)* Warfarin Theophylline Digoxin Antiepileptic drugs Lithium