Pharmacology Drugs Flashcards
(29 cards)
Rocuronium
(ANS drug)
Type: Non depolarizing drug
Indication: Used as an anaesthetic
Role / mechanism of action
- Competitive antagonist of nicotinic receptors to block ACh receptors, which results in muscle relaxation
- Decrease Ach in muscles = stop contraction
Side effects
- Prolonged paralysis
- NMJ blockage
- Rash
Extra information
- Can be overcome by adding an anticholinesterase = increases the Ach)
Suxamethonium
(ANS drug)
Type: Depolarizing drug
Indication: Myasethnia Gravis
Role / mechanism of action
- Overstimulates the nicotinic receptor, then blocks repolarisation
- Results in an initial contraction followed by a period of inactivation
- Decrease Ach in muscles - stop contractions
Side effects
- Muscle pain
- Bradycardia
Extra information
- Can be fixed by adding acetyl cholinesterase – decreases the amount of Ach in synapse.
Pyridostigmine
(ANS drug)
Type: Reversible Anticholinesterase
_Indication: M_yasethnia Gravis
Role / mechanism of action
- Slows the breakdown of acetylcholine to maintain the transmission
- Targets the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor
- Increases muscle contractions
Side effects
- Increased salivation
- GI effects
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- paralysis
Extra information
- symptom relief only
Atropine
(ANS drug)
Type: Anticholinergic
Indication: Anticholinesterse poisoning
Role / mechanism of action
- Used in anticholinesterase poisoning
- Inhibits the effects of extra ACh at muscarinic receptors which blocks the PSNS and causes symptoms of SNS activations
Side effects
- Blurred vision
- Dry mouth
- hypertension
Cyclophosphamide
(cytotoxic alkylating agent)
Type: cytotoxic alkylating agent
Role / mechanism of action:
- Form DNA crosslinks, which prevents DNA unwinding and thus prevents replication in rapidly dividing cells
- Targets cells with high turnover, Inc. hair, bone marrow, reproductive cell
Side effects:
- Bone marrow suppression
- Infertility
- Hair loss
- GI upsets
Doxorubicin
(cytotoxic antibiotic)
Type: Antibiotic
Role / mechanism of action
- Inhibit transcription and translation by changing the DNA structure by binding to topoisomerase
- Generates reactive oxygen species
Side effects
*
5 – fluorouracil
(cytotoxic anti - metabolite )
Type: anti metabolite
Role / mechanism of action
- Blocks DNA synthesis
- S – phase specific
- Pyrimidine (CT) antagonist is substituted into DNA, thus bases can’t be synthesised.
Side effects
- GI effects
- Hair loss
- Bone marrow suppression
- Hand foot syndrome
Methotrexate
(cytotoxic folate analogue)
Type: cytotoxic folate analogue
Role / mechanism of action
- Competes against folate which is required for purine (AG) synthesis, so folate antagonists inhibit the DNA replication
- S phase specific
Side effects
- Bone marrow suppression
- Neurotoxic
- Hepatoxic
- teratogenic
Tamoxifen
(Hormone antagonist )
Type: Oestrogen hormone antagonist
indication: used in breast cancers
Role / mechanism of action
- selective oestrogen receptor modulator
- Acts as an oestrogen antagonist in breast tissue, helps to stop the cancer from being ‘fuelled’
- Acts as an agonist in bone
Side effects
- Symptoms similar to menopause
- Small ↑ in risk of endometrial cancer
Anastrazole
(Hormone antagonist)
Type: Estrogen antagonist
indication: breast cancer
Role / mechanism of action
- Is an aromatase inhibitor
- Aromatase converts androgen to oestrogen, so it decreases circulating oestrogen
Side effects
- GI issues
- ↓ bone density
- Hot flushes
- Sweats
Rutiximab
(monoclonal antibody)
Type: monoclonal antibody
indication: Non - hodgkins lymphoma
Role / mechanism of action
- Directed to CD20 surface antigens on B cells in non Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which stimulates lysis
Trastuzamab
(monoclonal antibody)
Type: monoclonal antibody
indication: Breast cancer
Role / mechanism of action
- Binds to and blocks HER-2 (human epidermal Growth factor 2) receptors which inhibit tyrosine kinase and thus inhibit cell proliferation of these cells
Side effects
- cardiac dysfunction
- GI effects
Amoxicillin
(Penicillin antibiotic)
Type: Penicillin Antibiotic
indication: Broad spectrum
Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal; interfere with bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, eventually leading to cell lysis and death.
Target transpeptidase enzymes
Administered with C-Lauvonic acid
Side effects:
Hypersensitivity
Super infections
Skin reactions
Erythromycin
(Macrolide Antibiotic)
Type: Macrolide antibiotic
indication: broad spectrum antibiotic, for penicillin resistant patients
Role / mechanism of action: Bacteriostatic - inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. They also have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
Side effects:
Diarrhoea
Nausea,
vomiting
opportunistic infections
Ototoxicity (ear)
Doxycycline
(tetracycline antibiotic)
Type: Tetracycline antibiotic
indication: Malaria, RT infections
Role / mechanism of action: Bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (translation) by reversibly binding to 30S subunit of the ribosome
Side effects:
Chelates calcium
Diarrhoea, Nausea, vomiting
Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, photosensitive
Thrush
Vancomycin
Glycopeptide antibiotic
Type: Glycopeptide antibiotic
indication: 3rd line treatment for severe infections and resistant bacteria
Role / mechanism of action:
Bactericidal; inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by preventing formation of peptidoglycan polymers.
The cell becomes weak and then undergoes lysis
Side effects:
Red man syndrome due to histamine induced vasodilation
ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Cefalexin
(cephalosporin antibiotic )
Type: cephalosporin antibiotic
indication: 2nd line treatment for people with a penicillin allergy
Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal: Interfere with bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, eventually leading to cell lysis and death
Side effects:
Gi effects
Hypersensitivity
Opportunistic infections
Ciprofloxacin
(fluoroquinolone antibiotic)
Type: fluoroquinolone antibiotic
indication: Broad spectrum for serious infections
Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal; inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by blocking DNA gyrase and topoisomerase meaning cell death occur.
Side effects:
Gi effects
Cartilage + tendon damage
Rash
Gentamicin
(Aminoglycoside antibiotic)
Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotic
indication: Broad spectrum for gram negative aerobic bacteria
Role / mechanism of action: Bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (translation) by reversibly binding to 30S subunit of the ribosome. Creates cell membrane damage
Side effects:
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Increased NMJ block functions
Metronidazole
(Nitroimidazole antibiotic)
Type: Nitroimidazole antibiotic
indication: Anaerobic infections
Role / mechanism of action: Taken up by anaerobic bacteria and is reduced into an unstable intermediate
This then interacts with DNA to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, and thus replication
Side effects:
GI effects
metallic taste
Headache
Dizziness
Rifampicin
(Antimycobacterial antibiotic)
Type: Antimycobacterial antibiotic
indication: Tuberculosis and s. Aureus
Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal: Inhibits the beta subunit of RNA polymerase enzymes, resulting in the suppression of RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria
Side effects:
Orange and red secretions
flu symptoms
Hepatotoxicity
Isoniazid
(Antimycobacterial Antibiotic)
Type: Antimycobacterial Antibiotic
indication: TB
Role / mechanism of action:
Bacteriostatic against dormant TB
Bactericidal against active TB
Inhibits the mycolic acid synthesis which is used in the wall of mycobacteria
Side effects:
Hepatotoxicity
allergic reactions
Acne
Rash
Fever
Clinical hepatitis
Trimethoprim
(antibiotic)
Type: Antibiotic
Role / mechanism of action: Targets the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase so that folate, an important co factor for RNA and DNA synthesis, can’t occur
Acyclovir
(Guanine analogue antiviral)
Type: Guanine analogue antiviral
indication: Herpes simplex Virus
Herpes Zoster
Varicella Zoster
Role / mechanism of action:
Inhibits DNA synthesis, as elongation can’t occur
Viral DNA polymerase is also inhibited
Side effects:
GI effects
Local reaction
