Pharmacology Final Study Guide Flashcards

Question

What negligence looks like

Answer 1

The failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner or failure of the nurse to give the care that a reasonable cautious nurse would render or use under similar circumstances

Answer 2

Between 70 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL

Answer 3

Examples of nasal decongestants: pseudoephedrine (oral), phenylephrine (topical), beclomethasone, fluticasone (intranasal steroids) **Side effects** Nervousness, tremors Palpitations, hypertension Headache, dizziness Local mucosa dryness and irritation Insomnia (Oral and nasal together can cause drug toxicity)

Answer 4

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Hypokalemia: as potassium concentration is high in stool water. - Hypokalemia can cause muscle weakness.

Answer 5

Headache, dizziness Dysrhythmia Diarrhea

Answer 6

Infusion related to vancomycin Red man syndrome occurs if medication is infused too quickly (causing pruritus, hypotension and tachycardia) Vancomycin infusion should be discontinued immediately ( a dose of diphenhydramine [an antihistamine aka Benadryl] can abort reaction) .

Answer 7

Miscellaneous antibiotic Adverse effects *Nausea, dry mouth, headache *Metallic taste

Answer 8

Blackbox warning are required for all quinolones because of the increased risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture - As well as peripheral neuropathy central system effects (seizures), and exacerbation of myasthenia gravis. - Tendon rupture is more common in older adults, patients with renal failure, and those receiving glucocorticoid therapy

Answer 9

Sulfonamides indication is to treat urinary tract infection Fluoroquinolones are also indicated for UTIs

Answer 10

**Reduction of manifestations (fever, pain, inflammation, and adventitious breath sounds) Resolution of infection** Antibiotics usually start working right away but take several days to notice an effect. It is important that patients complete their full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even when their symptoms have improved, to prevent relapse of infection and the development of antibiotic resistance

Answer 11

Bulk forming : psyllium and methylcellulose

Answer 12

Pneumonia Osteoporosis C. Diff- associated diarrhea Wrist, spine, hip fracture Hypomagnesemia

Answer 13

Cyclobenzaprine: muscle relaxant, can treat pain and stiffness caused by muscle spasms **Contraindications** Liver and renal function - obtain baseline liver function and perform periodic follow-up liver function tests *hyperthyroidism *myocardial infarction *heart failure/ heart block **adverse effects** Eurphoria Lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness Muscle weakness Fatigue

Answer 14

Intravenously (IV)

Answer 15

*AC* - Before meals *PC* - After meals *Daily* - Everyday, daily *bid* - Twice a day *tid* - Three times a day *qid* - Four times a day *qh* - every hour *At bedtime* - At bedtime *qn* - Every night *stat* - immediately *Ever other day* - every other day *prn* - as needed *3 times weekly* - three times per week *biw* - twice per week

Answer 16

PCA is a patient controlled analgesia - a needle attached to an IV (intravenous) line is placed into one of your veins. A computerized pump attached to the IV lets you release pain medicine by pressing a handheld button.

Answer 17

Naloxone Other medications: - Naltrexone -Methylnaltrexone -Alvimopan These medications work on morphine, fentanyl, methadone, codeine, oxy….

Answer 18

The registered nurse cannot delegate responsibilities related to making nursing judgments. An examples would be: Anew admission who is highly unstable should be assigned to a registered nurse; the care of a stable chronically ill patient who is relatively stable and more predictable than a serious ill and unstable acute client can be delegated to the licensed practical nurse.

Answer 19

First assess make sure they can breath Stop administering the medication and notify the providers

Answer 20

African American : believe in the power of healers who rely strongly on the religious faith of people, and often use prayer in the laying of hands for a relief of pain Hispanic Americans: believe in prayer, the wearing of amulets, and the use of herbs and spices to maintain health and wealth specific herbs are used in teas and therapies often including religious practices, massage and cleanings Chinese : include acupuncture, herbal remedies, Yin and yang balancing, and cold treatment Asian and Pacific Islander’s : often reluctant to express their pain because they believe that the pain isn’t Godswill or punishment for past sins Native Americans: treatments for pain include massage, the application of heat, sweat baths, herbal remedies, and being in harmony with nature Arab culture : are expected to express their pain openly and anticipate immediate relief, preferably through injections or intravenous drugs

Answer 21

Respiratory depression Constipation Orthostatic hypotension Urinary retention Cough suppression Sedation biliary colic Nausea, vomiting Opioid toxicity triad ( coma, respiratory depression, and pinpoint pupils)

Answer 22

Bone marrow suppression - monitor CBC, including platelets Gastrointestinal (GI) distress - monitor for bleeding (coffee-ground emesis; bloody stools) MI or stroke - Monitor for cardiac status especially in clients with history of cardiac disease

Answer 23

High TSH Low TH Medication: Levothyroxine

Answer 24

Monitor pulse: if below 50/min hold medication and notify provider Metoprolol, propranolol: in clients who have diabetes mellitus monitor blood hypoglycemia which can mask tachycardia. Nursing administration: -Administer medications orally, usually once or twice a day -take with food to increase absorption

Answer 25

Clients who have AV block and sinus bradycardia Asthma, bronchospasm (non cardio selective drugs such as propranolol) Metoprolol and atenolol are better since they are cardioselective (alpha 1) In general, use beta-adrenergic blockers cautiously in clients who have myasthenia gravis, hypotension, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, depression, and in older adults with history of allergies

Answer 26

**Glucocorticoids: dexamethasone** - Client education: * eat potassium rich foods ( because of fluid and electrolyte disturbances) *risk of osteoporosis can be reduced by giving calcium supplements and vitamin D. * clients should not receive immunizations while on glucocorticoid therapy because they decrease antibody response to vaccines. *PUD- educate client to take the medication with meals .. and report black tarry stools **Glucocorticoids: beclomethasone** -Client education * inhalation drug. Rinse mouth or gargle with water after use, monitor for redness, sores, or white patches Baseline vital signs : respiratory rate 12-24 breath/min **Glucocorticoids: prednisone** -client education * Perform weight bearing exercises * consume a diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake * Report indications of muscle weakness * Avoid NSAIDs, report for black, tarry stools *( notify if early manifestation of infection, and avoid large crowds if possible

Answer 27

Cimetidine: H2RBs: treatment of acid related disorders, adjunct therapy to control, management of urticaria Adverse effects Confusion, disorientation in the elderly Impotence Gynecomastia

Answer 28

Beta 2 adrenergic agonist Short acting : good for an acute attack. Something that’s sudden Action: Act by selectively activating the beta 2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilator. As a result: - Bronchospasm is relieved -Histamine release is inhibited -ciliary motility is increased

Answer 29

Enoxaparin - subQ injectable only — Bridge therapy — do not expel air bubble Monitor bleeding time - Normal activated partial thrombophlebitis time (aPTT): 30-40 sec (60-80 sec during treatment) <— is the goal Remember contraindications: bleeding, thrombocytopenia (normal 150,000 -400, 000) , and pregnancy

Answer 30

Autonomy: Beneficence: Nonmaleficence: Veracity: telling the truth Justice: equality Confidentiality:

Answer 31

Ginkgo Bilbao, ginger, spinach, St. John’s Wort, cranberry, green tea, chamomile tea

Answer 32

Valerian root, consisting of fresh underground plant parts Common uses: relief of anxiety, restlessness, sleep disorders Adverse effects: Central nervous system depression, hepatotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, restlessness, insomnia Contraindicated in patients with cardiac disease, liver disease, or those operating heavy machinery including treatment of insomnia, moderate sedation

Answer 33

Hyponatremia *Monitor electrolytes and weight Hypokalemia and hypochloremia *Monitor cardiac status and K+ levels especially if taking digoxin Hyperglycemia *Monitor for an increase in blood glucose levels Hyperuricemia *Monitor uric acid, magnesium, hdl and ldl and triglyceride levels

Answer 34

The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems. * As the number of medications a person takes increases, so does the risk for drug interaction and ADRs. *Recognizing poly pharmacy is important to reduce the incidence of adverse outcomes

Answer 35

Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor: the drug of choice for hypertensive clients with heart failure Important to report angioedema Adverse effects also include: -Orthostatic hypotension -cough -neutropenia -rash -dysgeusia (metallic taste in mouth) -hyperkalemia

Answer 36

Statin drugs: Antilipemic agents for high cholesterol (hypercholesteremia) Examples : Atorvastatin, simvastatin ** Drug food interaction** — increased levels of statin with grapefruit juice (can lead to rhabdomyolysis —> damage heart & kidneys)

Answer 37

Protamine sulfate

Answer 38

Digoxin : Cardiac Glycoside Action is: positive inotropic (increase force of contraction), negative chronotropic (reduce heart rate), and negative dromotropic effects (reduce conductivity of heart) **Toxicity symptoms** Colored vision, halo vision, flickering lights (Vincent van gough example) Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Answer 39

Furosemide (example of a loop diuretic) -Indication is first line anti hypertensive drug, pulmonary edema caused by heart failure **Monitor** Electrolytes (assess dry mouth, increased thirst, minimal urine output, and weight loss) Urine output (less than 30 mL/hr stop medication) Blood pressure since can cause hypotension Monitor cardiac status and potassium levels Monitor blood glucose, uric acid, calcium, magnesium and lipid levels

Answer 40

*Assessment* — Data collection, review, and analysis — subjective info is what the patient verbalizes — objective data is laboratory results *Human Needs Statement* — statement of client’s response to the illness *Planning* — goals — outcome criteria *Implementation* — Nursing actions — client education *Evaluation* — determining the status of the goals and outcomes of care

Pharmacology Final Study Guide Flashcards

(67 cards)