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AAI > Pharmacology - Lung Structure & Function, Smoking > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Lung Structure & Function, Smoking Flashcards

1
Q

Role of respiratory system

A

Ensure adequate intaake of O2 and removal of CO2

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2
Q

Structure

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchial Cartidge
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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3
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Struggle with releasing fluids into lumen
Thick mucus that’s hard to move
Trap bacteria and viruses
Cause infections

Physiotherapy to remove mucus

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4
Q

Effect of SNS

A

opening up of airways
increase in heart rate
Adrenaline and NA at adrenoceptors

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5
Q

Effect of PNS

A

Constriction of airways
Increase GI motility
ACh at muscarinic receptors

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6
Q

α-adrenoceptor subtypes

A

α1: smooth muscle contraction

α2: smooth muscle contraction, pre-junctional regulation of NA release (negative feedback mechanism to control itself)

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7
Q

β-adrenoceptor types

A

β1: heart force and rate
β2: airway muscle relaxation
β3: skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

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8
Q

Muscarinic Receptor Types

A

M1: CNS, slivary glands, gastric glands
M2: Heart rate of contraction, GI smooth muscle contraction, CNS
M3: salivary glands, GI and airways smooth muscle
M4 & M5: CNS

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9
Q

Pathways of innervation in airways

A

Sympathetic:

  • Adrenaline at β2-adrenoceptors –> muscle relaxation –> more O2
  • Inhibition of inflammatory mediators release from mast cells –> beneficial for treating lung inflammation etc.
  • Inhibition of mucus

Parasympathetic:

  • ACh at M3 receptors
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Increase mucus secretion

Sensory nerves:

  • Local reflexes respond to irritants
  • Coughing
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Increase mucus secretion
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10
Q

Sensory nerves in exercise-induced asthma:

A
  • cooling and dehydration –> activation of sensory nerves immune response –> bronchoconstriction –> coughs
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11
Q

Sensory nerves up-regulation

A

by inflammatory cytokines (ex: capsicum in chillis)

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12
Q

Sensory nerves in cold-induced asthma

A

TRPM8 receptors detect changes in temperature –> activation of mast cellls –> secretion of mucus

bronchoconstriction

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13
Q

Breathlessness causes

A 
Cystic fibrosis
Inflammation; asthma & anaphylaxis 
Psychological; panic attacks
Pregnancy, obesity, altitude
Cancer
Pulmonary embolism
Side effect of drugs (β-blockers, NSAIDs etc.)
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14
Q

Normal breathing

A

12 breaths/min
0.5 L/breath

eupnoea (normal rythm of breathing):
2 secs inhalation
3 secs exhalation

1/3 of air remain in main airways
Deeper breaths: more air pass into alveoli for gas exchange

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15
Q

Airway resistance

A

depend on friction & airway cross section

  • contraction of airway smooth muscle
  • remodelling: increased growth of smooth muscle
  • reduced size of lumen (asthma, COPD etc.)
  • excess mucous production (chronic bronchitis etc.)
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16
Q

Compliance

A

ability of lung to stretch

17
Q

Elastance

A

ability of lung to recoil

18
Q

Fibrosis

A

struggle to stretch the lung, but high recoil –> reduced capacity

19
Q

Emphysema/COPD

A

loss of elastance

20
Q

Control of Breathing

A

ANS

can be overridden by CNS

21
Q

Spirometry

A

measure lung volume

VC = FVC = forced vital capacity

VT = tidal volume

TLC = total lung capacity

IRV = inspiration reserve volume

22
Q

Spirometry normal result

A

FEV (4.0 L)

FEV1:FVC = 0.8

23
Q

Spirometry obstructive disease (COPD, asthma etc.)

A

FEV1 (1.3 L) (struggling to force air out)
FEV1:FVC = 0.3

FEV1 = 32% of normal –> severe

FVC normal or slightly decreased

24
Q

Spirometry restrictive disease (fibrosis etc.)

A

FEV1 = normal or slightly decreased

FEV1:FVC = normal

FVC decreased (cannot fill up lungs with air)

25
Q

Peak flow meter

A

PEF - rise rapidly during forced expiration then drops

Constriction –> reduced peak flow –> lower number of peak flow meter

26
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

impaired expiration fo CO2 –> build up of CO2 –> CO2 react with water to release H+ ions –> drop in pH

long-term/chronic –> buffering with Hb in RBCs –> increase in HCO3- (bicarbonate)

acidosis vs. alkalosis? –> measure blood pH
acute vs. chronic –> HCO3- levels in plasma

breathing rate:

  • acidosis –> increase in breathing to limit hypoxia
  • hyperventilation –> loss of CO2 –> alkalosis –> drop in CO2 and inhibition of ventilation
  • metabolic acidosis (ex: diabetes) –> drop in pH –> stimulation of ventilation
  • metabolic alkalosis (ex: vomiting) –> loss of H+ –> depression of ventilation
27
Q

Smoking

A
  • one-third of all cancer deaths

- half of long-term smokers die prematurely due to smoking

28
Q

Cigarette smoke contents

A
  • Tar - solid material, form sticky brown residue
  • Carcinogenics (ex: benzopyrenes –> DNA damage)
  • Oxidatives
  • Heavy metals (ex: cadmium)
29
Q

Decline of lung function because of smoking

A

keeps declining even if stopped smoking before seeing any symptoms

AAI (13 decks)

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