Pharmacology Midterm Flashcards by Chelcee Binder

What are the branches of Pharmacology and describe them

Pharmacotherapeutics- study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs
Pharmacodynamics- study of the interactions between the chemical components
Pharmacokinetics- study of what the body does to the drug (absorption, digestion, metabolism, excretion)
Pharmacogenetics- study of genetically determined variations

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What are the anti-arthritis agents?

Auranofin, adalimumab

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What are “Alternative therapies and herbal medications”?

-Not tested by the FDA
-No regulation
-May not mention to healthcare provider
-Interactions with other drugs

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How can we prevent resistance of anti-infectives

-Limit the use of antimicrobial agents
-make sure doses are high enough and long enough
-Be cautious about the indiscriminate use

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Education for patient receiving antibiotics

-Effect against bacteria
-Full course of antibiotics
-Narrow spectrum vs. Broad spectrum
-Do not save medication

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Contraindications for cephalexin/cefadroxil

-Allergies to cephalosporins or penicillin
-Hepatic or renal impairment

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Adverse effects for fentanyl/morphine

-Respiratory depression, hypoventilation, cardiac arrest
-orthostatic hypotension
-Constipation

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Nursing implementations for patients receiving cyclosporine, tacrolimus

-Reduce risk for infection/protective isolation
-Hand hygiene
-Immune suppressants on time
-No live vaccine injections

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Safety concerns for taking digoxin

-Electrolyte levels must be monitored
-Narrow therapeutic range
-Apical pulse; toxicity should be 60 and above- affects heart and kidney

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How do you administer isosorbide nitrate/nitroglycerin and what are the adverse effects?

-Patients with angina carry sublingual tablets (should not swallow; 3 doses every 5 minutes apart= if pain still persists then call 911)
-Adverse effects: sweating

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How does isosorbide nitrate/ nitroglycerin work?

-Help restore the appropriate supply and demand ratio in oxygen delivery to the myocardium when rest is not enough
-Give through sublingual or inhaled

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Know the actions of (drugs that end in -lol)

-Blocks the receptors in the heart and kidneys, decreases the influence of the SNS on these tissues
-Decreases cardiac output and BP

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Know the indications and contraindications of (drugs that end in -statin)

-Increase HDL and decrease LDL

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Know the adverse effects of cholestyramine/colestipol

-Headache, fatigue, drowsines, direct GI irritation
-increased bleeding times
-decrease vitamin A and D

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Know the action and indication for (drugs that end in -plase)

-Breaks down fibrin threads in a clot to dissolve a formed clot

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Know the drug-drug interaction for heparin/warfarin

-Penicillin, Cephalosporin
-Salicylates
-Nitroglycerin

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Know the drug-food interactions related to iron-deficiency anemia

-CEMT
(coffee, eggs, milk, tea)

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Know the adverse effects associated with hydroxyurea

-GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
-CNS: headache, dizziness, disorientation, fever, chills, and malaise
-Increased cancer risk
-Constipation
-Anorexia

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Laboratory tests for heparin/warfarin

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Heparin: PTT test
Warfarin: PT/INR test

Action and indication for enoxaparin

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-blocks angiogenesis
-inhibits clot formation

Different classes for Antihypertensive agents

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-Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: enalapril, lisinopril
-Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBS): losartan, valsartan
-Calcium Channel Blockers: amlodipine, diltiazem
-Vasodilators: hydralazine, nitroprusside
-Diuretics:
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone
-Potassium-sparing: spironolactone
-Sympathetic Nervous System Blockers (Beta Blockers): atenolol, metoprolol

Know the action and indication for adenosine

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-Used to convert PSVT to sinus rhythm
-“restarts the heart”

Know the risk factors for atelectasis and how to prevent it

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-Risk factors: post surgery
-Prevention: deep breathing, coughing, ambulation

What obstructive disease is this?
* Triggered by allergens, irritants, exercise or emotion
* Immediate release of histamine
* Results in bronchospasms, inflammation, mucus
production, and edema
* Status asthmaticus: life threatening

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Asthma

What obstructive disease is this? * Hereditary disease * Results in accumulation of copious amounts of thick secretions * Obstruct airways * Leads to destruction of lung tissues

Cystic Fibrosis

What obstructive disease is this? * Progressive and chronic obstruction of airways * Often related to cigarette smoking * Caused by emphysema and chronic bronchitis

COPD

What obstructive disease is this? * Causes obstruction at the alveolar level * Frequently seen in premature infants who are delivered before lungs are fully developed

Respiratory distress syndrome

What obstructive disease is this? * Characterized by progressive loss of lung compliance and increasing hypoxia * Typically results from a severe injury to the body; burns or major trauma

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Know safety concerns related to administering benzonatate/dextromethorphan

-Patients with asthma; do not take with a productive cough -Hypersensitivity or history of narcotic addiction -Patients who need to be alert as dextromethorphan can cause drowsiness

Know the action and indication for guaifenesin

-Enhances the output of respiratory tract fluids and thin out secretions so they can expel easier -Creates a productive cough

Know the drug education needed for patients using beclomethasone/triamcinolone (steroid nasal)

-Not immediate; 1-2 weeks

Know the differences between the first and second generation antihistamines

First generation: diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine (sedating) Second generation: cetirizine, loratadine (less sedating)

Know the adverse effects of oxymetazoline/ phenylephrine

-Local stinging and burning -rebound congestion -Sympathomimetic effects

Know the adverse effects and drug-drug interactions related to caffeine/theophylline

-Substances and cigarettes -Adverse Effects: related to theophylline levels in the blood, GI upset, nausea, irritability, and tachycardia to seizure, brain damage, and even death -Drug-Drug Interactions: many drugs interact with xanthines, substances in cigarettes

Know how albuterol/epinephrine work when given to patients with asthma

-Mimic effects of the sympathetic nervous system -dilation of bronchi= increased rate and depth of respiration

Know zafirlukast/montelukast and their indication

-Act more specifically at the site of asthma -Chronic treatment of bronchial asthma

Know the adverse effects for (drugs that end in tropium)

-Urinary retention -Respiratory (inhaler) -Do not give male patients with BPH-benign prostate hypertrophy -Urgency; patients with urinary retention will get worse

Know ways to facilitate the swallowing reflex if a patient has problems swallowing medications

-Use of ice, keep head straight, temperature variances and textured foods, artificial saliva

Know the actions of cimetidine/famotidine

-Reduction in gastric acid -Reduction of HCl released in the stomach

Know adverse effects and drug-drug interactions related to antacids. (calcium carbonate, aluminum salts)

-Adverse effects: relate to their effects on acid-base levels and electrolytes, rebound acidity, alkalosis, hypercalcemia, constipation or diarrhea, hypophosphatemia, fluid retention, heart failure -Drug-Drug Interactions: Affect the absorption of many other drugs -separate them from other medications

Know the indications for prostaglandins. (misoprostol)

Prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, treatment of duodenal ulcers

Know adverse effects for chemical stimulants. (bisacodyl, senna)

* GI: diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea * CNS: dizziness, headache, weakness * Sweating, palpitations, flushing, fainting; Cathartic dependence

Know adverse effects for 5-HT3 Receptor Blockers. (ondansetron)

* CNS effects: headache, dizziness, drowsiness * Pain at the injection site, rash * Constipation, hypotension, and urinary retention

Know the action for antidiarrheal drugs. (bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide)

Slow the motility of the GI tract through direct action on the lining of the GI tract -Coat the GI tract

Know the adverse effects of non-phenothiazines. (metoclopramide)

Drowsiness, fatigue, restlessness, extrapyramidal symptoms

Know the actions of abortifacients. (carboprost, dinoprostone)

-Stimulate uterine activity, dislodge any implanted trophoblast and preventing implantation of fertilized egg -abort the baby

Know the contraindications for drugs treating penile erection dysfunction. (sildenafil, tadalafil)

Anatomical obstruction, condition that might predispose to priapism, penile implants, use in women

Pharmacology Midterm Flashcards

(47 cards)