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summer 2025 > pharmacology midterm > Flashcards

pharmacology midterm Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

what is the highest prescribed med for each age group?

A

40-59: antidepressants
60-79: lipid-lowering drugs

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2
Q

who governs medications?

A

FDA

controls drug development
gives approval for marketing
approves new uses for older drugs

mandate for drugs to be safe, evidence of efficacy, good quality
limit access to drugs of potential abuse

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3
Q

why should PT’s learn about pharm?

A

we must understand responses to drugs
determine ideal treatment schedule
recognize drug-therapy interactions
ability to report adverse drug reactions to physician

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4
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

dose-response relationship
potency

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5
Q

dose-response relationship

A

dose range when drug is effective and peak response is expected

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6
Q

what is the ceiling effect?

A

even in the dose is incr, there with be no incr in response

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7
Q

potency of drugs

A

amount of compound required for given response

example: drug A lowers BP 25% at 10mg compared to Drug B at 80mg. drug A is more potent but drug B has higher overall effects with higher dosage.

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8
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what happens to the drug once it is in the body.

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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9
Q

absorption

A

how drugs are transferred from administration to systemic circulation

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10
Q

what are the slower forms of absorption?

A

IM
oral
subcutaneous

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11
Q

what are the faster forms of absorption?

A

IV
sublingual

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12
Q

define bioavailability.

A

percentage of drug that makes it into systemic circulation

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13
Q

oral administration

A

most common form
allows for gradual incr in drug level w/in body
must be lipid soluble

disadvantages:
causes gastric irritation
metabolism and degradation occur at liver before going to target tissue
impaired if there are previous issues with intestional absorption

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14
Q

sublingual and buccal admin.

A

normally smaller dose than oral
skips first pass effect of liver
faster effects than oral

ex. nitroglycerin

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15
Q

rectal admin.

A

not as effective as oral or subling
if unable to take orally
bypass the liver

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16
Q

inhalation as admin.

A

aerosol droplets from gaseous or volatile state
large surface area of lungs for rapid systemic circulation
issues with respiratory irritation and admin difficulties

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17
Q

injection as admin.

A

risk of infection due to breaking the skin barrier
systemic or local

intravenous
intra-arterial
subcutaneous (SC, SubQ)
intramuscular
intrathecal - into a sheath

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18
Q

topical admin.

A

applied to skin or mucous membranes
treat that area of skin
for superficial issues

also includes:
eye drops
ear drops
nasal sprays

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19
Q

transdermal admin.

A

drug to surface that will be absorbed into subQ or peripheral tissue
slow, controlled release of med

iontophoresis
phonophoresis

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20
Q

enteral vs parenteral

A

en: involves GI
par: does not involve GI

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21
Q

how can exercise effect drug absorption?

A

oral: aero lower pH
injection: incr ab when near exercising mus
transdermal: incr with exercise, risk of side effects including hypotension and syncope from rapid absorption

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22
Q

what is the rate of distribution affected by?

A

organ blood flow - if highly perfused, meds get there faster
tissue permeability
binding to plasma proteins
binding to subcellular compounds

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23
Q

what are the primary and some other sites of drug storage in the body?

A

PRI:
adipose tissue - lipid soluble, poor perfusion so they can be stored longer

OTHERS:
bone
muscle
organs

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24
Q

what are the types of newer drug release?

A

CONTROLLED-RELEASE:
timed-release, extended-release
slower and more prolonged absorption and delivery
needs less dosage

IMPLANTED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
small container placed under skin in abdomen
released small doses on a preprogrammed schedule

TARGET DRUG DELIVERY TO SPECIFIC CELLS AND TISSUE:
only activate once reach target tissue
attach to carrier to target specific cells
nanotechnology

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25
what is biotransformation?
chemical changes that take place in the drug, resulting in altered versions of original liver is the primary location goal is to inactivate the drug
26
what are 4 types of reactions and enzyme catalyzations?
oxidation reduction hydrolysis cojugation
27
what is the primary site for drug excretion?
the kidneys
28
what is the process for drug excretion?
reaches nephron and filtered at glomerulus some compounds may be reabsorbed, if not they are filtered through collecting ducts and excreted as urine
29
what are some other routes for drug excretion?
lungs GI tract - into bile or feces minors - sweat, saliva, breast milk
30
what is drug half life?
amount of time required for 50% of drug remaining in body to be eliminated ex. if half life of 2 hours 4000 administered 2000 remain after hours 1000 after 4 hours
31
pharmacodynamics
drug affects the tissue by focusing on the action of the drug
32
how do receptors affect cell function?
acting as ion channel to alter permeability acting enzymatically to influence function linking to regulatory proteins that control other processes within the cell
33
what do ion channels do?
try to stop or accelerate how minerals move through channels
34
what does the enzymatic link do?
either promote function or delay/stop function
35
what are g-proteins and secondary messengers?
g: account for how drugs bind to one type of receptor to stim or inhibit the cell sec: drug changes the cell but does not enter
36
what is the dose response?
related to number of receptors bound by the drug low doses: only a few receptors bound increased: more receptors and response incr max: all receptors occupied, no incr response beyond this point
37
what is drug selectivity?
selective drug: only binds to certain tissue nonselctive: can bind to several tissues
38
agonist vs antagonist
ag: initiates change, affinity to receptor and efficacy to active ant: only affinity to receptor, preventing compounds from having any effect, blockers
39
factors affecting pharmacotherapeutics
age: more drugs = more interactions, incr sensitivity, incr reactions disease: more meds to manage exercise: vascular flow, pH changes, temp change, decr GI function, metabolism, excretion
40
what is polypharmacy?
5+ meds taken 25% over 60 yo
41
nomenclature for drugs.
chemical name: compound structure generic name: shortened chem name trade name: assigned by pharm company
42
a
before
43
bid
twice/day
44
h
hour
45
hs
at bedtime
46
IM
intramuscular
47
IV
intravenous
48
OD
right eye
49
OS/OL
left eye
50
OU
both eyes
51
p
after
52
pc
after meals
53
prn
when needed
54
q
every
55
Qam, om
every morning
56
ad or q day
every day
57
qhs
every night at bedtime
58
Rx
take
59
tab
tablet
60
TID
three times/day
61
U
units
62
prescription vs OTC
OTC: generally safe minor problems concern for over-dosing pres: confirm taking as prescribed can ask pharm about adverse reactions most taken until done
63
what are schedule I substances?
approved for research only highest abuse potential no refills allowed ex. heroin, cannabis
64
what are schedule II substances?
approved for specific therapeutic purpose needs new prescription each time ex. severe opioids, amphetamines
65
what are schedule III substances?
lower abuse potential with considerable dependence refills allowed within 6 month period ex. mild-moderate opioids, anabolic steriods
66
what are schedule IV substances?
only limited possibility for dependence close to OTC ex. ambein, tramadol
67
what are schedule V substances?
lowest relative abuse potential ex. low dose narcotics in cough meds
68
what is the therapeutic index?
indicates a drugs safety higher TI, safer the drug larger dose needed for toxic response
69
what are adverse drug reactions?
any unintended or unwanted effects of a drug that may occur even at acceptable dose levels
70
what are adverse drugs events?
anything that can go wrong when a person is administering a drug ex. prescribing, dosing, formulation erros, ADRs
71
what is a side effect?
an expected, well-known reaction that occurs with a predictable frequency and may or may not constitute and adverse consequence
72
what is toxicity?
neg effects of chemicals adverse drug event that occurs at a high dose
73
what are the causes of ADRs?
drugs that have narrow TI clinician-related factors - prescribing wrong drug or dose, pharm errors noncompliance with treatment
74
what are potential compliance issues?
opening pill containers fear of chocking on larger pills mis-reading labels poor concept of time for doses cognitive impairment cost of medication is prohibitive adverse drug reactions limit benefits pts may be willing/able to tell PTs more
75
what is polypharmacy?
taking 5+ medications side effects may be missed due to "getting old" may see a new dr. each time who keeps track of their meds often assumed to be ill because not taking meds but actually are taking too much
76
naranjo ADR probability scale
0 - doubtful 1-4 possible 5-8 probability 9-10 definite
77
4 allergy types
I - anaphylactic - signs within minutes II - cytotoxic - destroy target tissue, days-week III - autoimmune - inflam, 4-6 weeks IV - cell-mediated hypersensitivity - contact dermititis
78

summer 2025 (5 decks)

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