Pharmacology midterm Flashcards by Amanda Lawton

What is the class and prototype drug for antiemetics?

Serotonin antagonist- odansetron (zofran)

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What are the four different kinds of laxatives?

Bulk forming, osmotic, surfactant, stimulant

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What is the action of bulk forming laxatives?

Soften fecal mass and increase bulk, identical to action of fiber

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What is the action of surfactant laxatives?

Lower surface tension of stool to allow penetration of water

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What is the action of stimulant laxatives?

Stimulation of intestinal peristalsis

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What is the action of osmotic laxatives?

Draw water into the intestine to increase the mass of stool, stretching musculature, which results in peristalsis

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What are the FDA approved drug categories?

Prescription, nonprescription, controlled substance

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How many controlled substance classes are there? What one has no medical use?

Four classes, class one no medical use includes LSD, marijuana, and heroin

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What are the basic drug classes?

Pharmocologic- based on chemical characteristics

Therapeutic- based on their effects on body systems

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What is the orphan drug program?

Used to encourage development of drugs that otherwise would be abandoned

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What are the six rights of medications?

Patient, time, route, medication, dose, documentation

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What is the responsibilities of joint commission?

Accrediting body for hospitals, approve National Patient Safety Goals, Do Not Use list of abbreviations and symbols

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What does institute for safe medication practices (simp) do?

Maintain medications error reporting program, high-alert med list, tall-man letters list, error-prone abbreviations

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What are high alert medications?

Insulin, heparin, opioids, injectable potassium,neuromuscular blocking agents, chemotherapy agents

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What are phamokinetics?

Activities within the body after a drug is administered

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What are the activities of a drug after administration?

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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What is the first pass effect?

Liver first metabolizes drug, remaining drug not sufficient to produce therapeutic effect

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What is half life?

Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of he drug

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What is drug onset of action?

Time between drug administration and beginning of therapeutic effect

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What is peak concentration?

Absorption rate equals elimination rate

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What is duration of drug action?

Time for drug to produce therapeutic effect

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What are pharmacodynamics?

Effect of the drug on the body

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What is an agonist drug?

Binds with and stimulates receptor- therapeutic response

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What is an antagonist drug?

Joins with but does not stimulate receptors, prevents drug response

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What are the types of drug reactions?

Allergic, drug idiosyncrasy, drug tolerance, cumulative drug effect, toxic reactions

What is an additive drug interaction?

Combined effect of two drugs is equal to sum of each drug given alone

What is synergistic drug interaction?

Drugs interact with each other and produce a sum greater than the sum of their separate actions

What is an antagonistic drug interaction?

One drug interferes with action of another

What are factors that influence drug response?

Age, weight, gender, disease, route

What are the pregnancy drug classes? What is the worst?

A,b,c,d, and x which is the worst

What semester of pregnancy can cause teratogenic effects?

First trimester

What changes in elderly affect pharmokinetics of drugs?

Decrease in body water and increase in body fat, decreased hepatic and renal function, decreased serum albumin

What is the general rule for drug therapy in elderly?

Start low, go slow

What are the anticholinergic side effects?

Inhibition of secretions, flushing, temperature elevation, cognitive status changes, paralysis of ciliary muscles and dilated pupils

What does the forebrain consist of? What is it in charge of?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum; receiving and processing sensory material, thinking and perceiving, language, controlling motor function

What is the midbrain?

Part of brain stem and connects the forebrain and the hindbrain; involved in auditory and visual responses, motor function, contain medulla oblongata

What is hindbrain?

Connect midbrain and spinal cord, contains pons and cerebellum; involved in balance, coordination, and conducting sensory information

What are the two types of anxiolytics?

Benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines

What is the benzodiazepine prototype drug?

Alprazolam (xanax)

What is the non benzodiazepine prototype drug?

Buspirone (buspar)

What are anxiolytics used for?

Anxiety disorders, panic attacks, pre anesthetic sedative, muscle relaxant, seizures, alcohol withdrawal

What are adverse reactions of anxiolytics?

Sedation, drowsiness, lightheadeness, headache, lethargy, disorientation, anger, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, visual disturbances

What happens with long term use of benzodiazepines?

Physical drug dependence and tolerance

What are the different classes of antidepressant drugs?

Tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

What is a serious adverse reaction of TCAs?

Extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, Parkinson-like symptoms)

What is a serious adverse reaction of MAOIs?

Hypertensive crisis with foods containing tyramine or tryptophan

What antidepressant class is not used as often because of its multiple drug interactions?

MAOIs

What classes are first line drugs for depression?

SSRI and SNRI

What side effect increases during first phase of antidepressant treatment?

Risk of suicide

What is serotonin syndrome?

Potential side effect of any drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin, results from excess of serotonin in brain stem and spinal cord

What are he prototype drugs for muscle relaxants?

Baclofen, dantrolene, cyclobenzaprine

What are the prototype drugs for sedative/hypnotic class?

Alprazolam, ambien, zolpidem

What are the prototype drugs to treat H.pylori?

Amoxicillin, bismuth, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, tinidazole

What is the prototype drug for histamine-2 receptor antagonist drugs for ulcer treatment?

Ranitidine

What is the prototype drug for proton pump inhibitors to treat gastric acid?

Omeprazole

What is the prototype drug for mucosal protectant for treatment of gastric ulcers?

Sucralfate

What is the action of sucralfate?

Protective barrier that adheres to the ulcer

What are the different antacid drugs?

Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate

What does the prototype drug misoprostal treat and what kind of patient would you not use it in?

Prevention of gastric ulcers, don't use in pregnant patients

What is the prototype drug for prokinetic drugs?

Reglan

What are the different classes of antihypertensives?

ACE inhibitors, Antagonistic receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers

What is prototype drug for ACE inhibitors?

Captopril (capoten)

What is prototype drug for antagonistic receptor blockers?

Losartan (cozaar)

What is the prototype drug for calcium channel blockers?

Nifedipine (procardia)

What are the classes of diuretics?

Thiazides, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics

What is the prototype drug for thiazides diuretics?

Hydrochlorothiazide

What is the prototype drug for loop diuretics?

Furosemide

What is the prototype drug for potassium-sparing diuretics?

Spironolactone

What are the different classes of upper respiratory drugs?

Antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants, cough suppressants

What is the prototype drug for first generation antihistamines?

Diphenhydramine- Benadryl

What are the prototype drugs for second generation antihistamines?

Loratadine (Claritin)

What is the prototype drug for decongestants?

Phenylephrine (neo-synephrine)

What is the prototype drug for expectorants?

Guaifenesin

What is the prototype drug for cough suppressants?

Dextromethorphan

What are the classes of lower respiratory drugs?

Long acting bronchodilators, short acting bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroid, inhaled anticholinergic, leukotriene modifier

What is the prototype drug for long acting bronchodilators?

Formoterol, slameterol

What is the prototype drug for short acting bronchodilator?

Albuterol

What is the prototype drug for inhaled corticosteroid?

Beclomethasone

What is the prototype drug for inhaled anticholinergic?

Ipratropium

What is the prototype drug for leukotriene modifier?

Montelukast

What are the prototype drug for tricyclics antidepressants?

Amitriptyline

What are the prototype drug for MAOI?

Phenelzine (nardil)

What are the prototype drug for SSRIs?

Fluoxetine

What are the prototype drug for atypical antidepressants?

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

What are the classes of seizure medications?

Hydantoins, barbiturates

What are the prototype drug for hydantoins?

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

What are the prototype drug for barbiturates?

Phenobarbital

What are the classes for sedatives and hypnotics?

Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepines

What is the prototype drug for non-benzodiazepines for sedative?

Zolpidem (ambien)

What is the prototype drug for centrally acting muscle relaxant?

Baclofen (lioresal)

What is the prototype drug for stimulants?

Amphetamine\dextroamphetamine mixed salts (adderall)

What are the classes of lower gi conditions?

Aminosalicylates, antidiarrheals, antiflatulents, laxatives

What is the prototype drug for aminosalicylates?

Sulfasalazine (azulfidine)

What is the prototype drug for antidiarrheals?

Loperamide (Imodium)

What is the prototype drug for antiflatulents?

Simethicone

What is the prototype drug for stimulant laxatives?

Bisacodyl (dulcolax)

What are the prototype drugs for stool softener?

Docusate sodium (colace)

Pharmacology midterm Flashcards

(97 cards)