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Pharmacology One-liners 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Half-life (T1/2)

A

Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)

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2
Q

Volume of distribution (VD)

A

Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration

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3
Q

Cp

A

Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time

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4
Q

Clearance (CL)

A

The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration

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5
Q

First pass effect

A

Hepatic metabolism of the drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

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6
Q

Bioavailability (F)

A

The fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration

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7
Q

Steady state

A

When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination

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8
Q

Different Steps of Phase I

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

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9
Q

Inducers of CYP450

A 
Rifampin
Phenobarbitol
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
St. John's wort
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10
Q

Inhibitors of CYP450

A 
Macrolides
Ketoconazole (azoles)
Ritonavir (protease inhibitors)
Cimetadine
Grapefruit juice
Quinidine
Amiodarone
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11
Q

Phase II Conjugation reactions

A 
Glucuronidation
Acetylation
Glutathione conjugation
Glycine conjugation
Sulfation
Methylation
Water conjugation
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12
Q

First-order kinetics

A

Constant percentage of drug metabolized per unit time

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13
Q

Zero-order kinetics

A

Constant amount of drug metabolized per unit time

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14
Q

Loading dose

A 
Cp x (Vd/F)
Target plasma concentration times [volume of distribution/bioavailability]
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15
Q

Maintenance dose

A 
Cp x (CL/F)
Concentration in the plasma times [clearance/bioavailability]
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16
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor

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17
Q

Specificity

A

Selectivity of a drug for its receptor

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18
Q

Potency

A

Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biological effect compared with another drug

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19
Q

Efficacy

A

Ability of a drug to produce the maximal biological effect

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20
Q

Full agonist

A

Ability of a drug to produce maximal response after binding to the receptor

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21
Q

Partial agonist

A

Ability to produce less than maximal response after binding to the receptor

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22
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system

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23
Q

Noncompetitive antagonist

A

Ability to bind irreversibly to the active site or bind to a site distinctly separate from the agonist binding site

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24
Q

Which substances use an intracellular receptor as the mechanism of action?

A

Steroids

Hormones

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25
Which substances use transmembrane receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity as the mechanism of action?
``` Insulin EGF TGF-beta PDGF ANP ```
26
Which substances use ligand-gated ion channels in the mechanism of action?
Acetylcholine | Nicotine
27
ED50
Dose that produces therapeutic response in 50% of the population
28
TD50
Dose that is toxic to 50% of the population
29
LD50
Dose that is lethal to 50% of the population
30
Therapeutic index
Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect
31
High therapeutic index
Indicates drugs that have a high margin of safety
32
Low therapeutic index
Indicates drugs that have a narrow margin of safety
33
Antidote for lead poisoning
Edetate calcium disodium Succimer Dimercaprol
34
Antidote for cyanide poisoning
Nitrates Thiosulfate Hydroxocobalamin
35
Antidote for anticholinergic poisoning
Physostigmine
36
Antidote for organophosphate or acetylcholinesterase poisoning
``` Atropine Pralidoxime (2-PAM) ```
37
Antidote for iron salt poisoning
Deferoxamine
38
Antidote for acetaminophen poisoning
N-acetylcysteine
39
Antidote for arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning
Dimercaprol | Succimer
40
Antidote for Wilson's disease (copper poisoning)
Penicillamine
41
Antidote used for heparin toxicity
Protamine Sulfate
42
Antidote used for warfarin toxicity
Vitamin K1 and fresh frozen plasma
43
Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase
Aminocaproic acid
44
Antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity
Fomepizole | Ethanol
45
Antidote for opioid toxicity
Naloxone (IV)
46
Antidote for benzodiazepine toxicity
Flumazenil
47
Antidote for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
Sodium bicarbonate (alkalinize plasma)
48
Antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning
100% O2 and hyperbaric O2
49
Antidote for digitalis toxicity
Digibind
50
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity
Leucovorin
51
Antidote for beta-blocker overdose
Glucagon
52
Method to reduce salicylate intoxication
``` Sodium bicarbonate (alkalinize urine) Dialysis ```
53
This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperatives and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
Bethanechol
54
Muscarinic that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma
Pilocarpine
55
Muscarinic used to treat dry mouth in Sjogren's syndrome
Pilocarpine | Cevimeline
56
Toxicity of cholinergics
``` DUMBELSS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchoconstriction Excitation of skeletal muscle/CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweating ```
57
Edrophonium
Cholinesterase inhibitor, short duration of action, used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
58
Neostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor, intermediate duration of action, used off-label for postoperative paralytic ileus and urinary retention
59
Physostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor, lipid soluble, indicated for atropine overdose and glaucoma
60
Pyridostigmine
Treatment of myasthenia gravis and sometimes used prophylactically for organophosphate poisoning in chemical warfare
61
Echothiophate
Organophosphate, indicated for glaucoma but not used much clinically due to long duration of action
62
Organophosphate insecticides
Malathion | Parathion
63
What is the most important cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity?
Respiratory failure
64
Atropine
Used in treatment of muscarinic symptoms in organophosphate overdose
65
Mechanism of atropine
Nonselective antimuscarinic
66
Benztropine
Antimuscarinic that treats Parkinsonism and extrapyramidal disease
67
Scopolamine
Antimuscarinic for the treatment of motion sickness
68
Which drugs produce mydriasis and cycloplegia?
Atropine, anti-muscarinics
69
2 antimuscarinics that cause bronchodilation in asthma and COPD
Ipratropium | Tiotropium
70
Oxybutynin
Antimuscarinic indicated for overactive bladder muscle dysfunction
71
Mnemonic for anticholinergic toxicity
Dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"
72
What is the most dangerous effect of anticholinergic toxicity in what age group?
Atropine fever | Infants
73
Contraindications for use of atropine
Infants Closed-angle glaucoma Prostatic hypertrophy
74
Menmonic for beta receptors
``` 1 heart (B1) 2 lungs (B2) ```
75
Drug of choice for anaphylactic shock
Epinephrine
76
Methamphetamine
Indirect acting sympathomimetic, reuptake inhibitor, commonly abused Indicated for attention deficit disorder and weight reduction
77
Phenylephrine
Alpha agonist indicated for nasal congestion, hypotension, and mydriasis induction
78
Albuterol
Short acting Beta 2 agonist, drug of choice for acute asthma
79
Salmeterol
Longer-acting beta 2 agonist, indicated for prophylaxis of asthma
80
Its ability to increase heart rate makes it useful as adjunct therapy for acute heart failure and hypovolemia or septic shock
Beta 1 agonist
81
Its ability to vasoconstrict and increase blood pressure makes it useful as local decongestant and for the therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure)
Alpha 1 agonist
82
Alpha 1 agonist toxicity
Hypertension
83
Midodrine
Indicated for symptomatic orthostatic hypotension
84
Terbutaline
Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus
85
Ephedrine
Indirect acting sympathomimetic, improves urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis
86
Beta agonists used in acute congestive heart failures
Dobutamine and dopamine
87
Beta 1 agonist toxicity
sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias
88
Beta 2 agonist toxicity
Skeletal muscle tremor
89
Phenoxybenzamine
Irreversible, nonselective alpha-blocker indicated for pheochromocytoma
90
Phentolamine
Reversible, nonselective alpha blocker indicated for pheochromocytoma
91
Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
Selective alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension
92
Tamsulosin
Alpha 1a-selective blocker used for benign prostatic hyperplasia
93
Side effects of alpha blockers
Orthostatic hypotension (especially w/ first dose) and reflex tachycardia
94
Selective Beta-1 receptor blockers useful for treating cardiac conditions in patients with asthma
``` ABEAM Acebutolol Betaxolol Esmolol Atenolol Metoprolol ```
95
Labetalol/carvedilol
Blocks alpha 1 and beta receptors and indicated for the treatment of CHF
96
Pindolol/acebutolol
Beta blockers with partial agonist activity, can bronchodilate and may have an advantage treating patients with asthma
97
Timolol
Non-selective beta blocker that lacks local anesthetic activity, indicated for glaucoma
98
Esmolol
short-acting beta blocker that can be given parenterally
99
Clinical uses of beta blockers
Treatment of hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic congestive heart failure
100
Side effects of Beta blockers
Bradycardia, AV block, impotence, dyslipidemia, exacerbation of COPD
101
Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in
Asthma (bronchospastic effects) Diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) Peripheral vascular disease
102
Beta blockers' effect on the heart in antianginal therapy
Reduce heart rate, blood pressure, contractility, and increase end-diastolic volume
103
DOC for Classic (exertional) angina
Beta blockers
104
Carvedilol
A nonselective beta blocker with alpha 1 blocking effect; indicated for congestive heart failure
105
Class of drugs which inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACE Inhibitors
106
Captopril/enalapril
ACE Inhibitors | End in -pril
107
Side effects of ace inhibitors
Dry cough Hyperkalemia Angioedema
108
Bradykinin
Inactivated by angiotensin converting enzyme contributes to dry cough and angioedema
109
Contraindication to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Pregnancy | Hyperkalemia
110
Mechanism of action of losartan/valsartan
Block AT1 receptors
111
Side effect associated with ace inhibitors but not arb blockers
Dry cough
112
Mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers
Block L-type calcium channels
113
Ca2+ channel blockers w/ predominant effect on arteriole dilation
Dihydropyridines Nifedipine Amlodipine Nimodipine
114
Ca2+ channel blockers w/ predominant effect on the heart
Non-dihydropyridines Verapamil Diltiazem
115
Side effects of Ca2+ channel blockers
Constipation Peripheral edema Cardiac depression AV block
116
Methyldopa
Alpha 2 agonist used in pregnant women with hypertension
117
Side effects of methyldopa
Positive Coomb's hemolytic anemia SLE-like syndrome CNS depression
118
Methyldopa contraindicated in
Geriatrics due to its CNS depression effects
119
Side effects of clonidine
Rebound hypertension, sedation, dry mouth
120
Hydralazine
Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle by increasing cGMP and inhibit IP3-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
121
Side effect of hydralazine
Lupus-like syndrome
122
Minoxidil
Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels
123
Side effect of minoxidil
Hypertrichosis
124
Mechanism of action of nitric oxide
Stimulates cGMP, leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
125
Nitroprusside
IV nitrate used in hypertensive crisis
126
What does nitroprusside dilate?
Arteries and veins
127
Side effect of nitroprusside
cyanide poisoning
128
MOA of sildenafil
Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP
129
Drugs used in the management of exertional (classic) angina
Nitrates Calcium channel blockers Beta blockers
130
How does aspirin reduce mortality rate in unstable angina?
Inhibiting platelet aggregation
131
Mechanism of action of organic nitrates
Requires enzymatic release of NO, relaxes vascular smooth muscle of veins
132
Why are nitrate-free intervals needed?
Tolerance
133
Side effects of nitrates
Reflex tachycardia, hypotension, flushing, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation
134
MOA of Cardiac glycosides
Inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase and indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility
135
Indication for digoxin
Atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure
136
Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by
Hypokalemia
137
Amrinone/milrinone
Phosphodiesterase (PDE3) inhibitors indicated for acute congestive heart failure Long-term use is associated with increased mortality
138
Side effect of amrinone/milrinone
Thrombocytopenia
139
Nesiritide
Agent used in acutely decompensated congestive heart failure resembling natriuretic peptide
140
MOA of Class I antiarrhythmics
Sodium channel blockers
141
MOA of Class II antiarrhythmics
Beta-blockers
142
MOA of Class III antiarrhythmics
Potassium channel blockers
143
MOA of Class IV antiarrhythmics
Calcium channel blockers
144
Limiting side effect of Class Ia and III antiarrhythmics
Prolongs QT Interval
145
Most common side effects of quinidine that limits its use
Cinchonism
146
Major drug interaction with quinidine
Increases concentration of digoxin
147
Contraindication of disopyramide use
Heart failure
148
Side effect of procainamide
Systemic lupus-like syndrome
149
Class IC antirrhythmics
Flecainide, Propafenone Used as last line antiarrhythmic agents due to proarrhythmic property Strongest Na+ channel blocker
150
Beta blockers
Antiarrhythmic agents that decrease mortality
151
Esmolol
Used intravenously for acute tachycardia during and post- surgery
152
Amiodarone
DOC for management of acute ventricular tachycardia Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes
153
Side effects of amiodarone
Thyroid dysfunction Corneal deposits Liver damage and pulmonary fibrosis
154
Sotalol
Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties
155
Side effect of sotalol
Prolongs QT interval
156
Life-threatening cardiac event that prolonged WT interval leads to
Torsades de pointes
157
Adenosine
Drug of choice for narrow complex paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
158
MOA of adenosine
Activates G-protein coupled K+ channels in atrium, SA and AV node
159
Anti-arrhythmic with <10 second duration of action
Adenosine
160
DOC for Early after depolarizations (Torsade)
Magnesium sulfate
161
MOA of statins
Inhibits HMG COA Reductase
162
Contraindication for statins
Pregnancy
163
Side effects of HMG COA reductase inhibitors
Rhabdomyolysis and hepatotoxicity
164
Two parameters to obtain before initiation of statins
LFT's | Creatine Kinases
165
How does grapefruit juice affect statins?
Increases statin effect by inhibiting CYP450 3A4
166
Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of
Rhabdomyolysis
167
Class of agents of cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevalem
Bile acid-binding resins
168
Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins
Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,L)
169
Fibrates increase activity of
Lipoprotein lipase
170
Side effect of fenofibrate and gemfibrozil
Gallstone formation
171
MOA involves indirect reduction of liver triglyceride synthesis
Niacin, fibrates
172
Side effects of niacin
Cutaneous flush
173
Cutaneous flush due to niacin can be reduced by pretreatment with...
NSAIDs
174
Ezetimibe
Inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption by inhibiting Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) Protein
175
MOA of Aspirin
Irreversibly blocks COX1 and COX2
176
Aspirin
Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI
177
Side effect of aspirin
GI bleeding
178
Ticlopidine
Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin
179
Side effect of ticlopidine
Neutropenia and agranulocytossi
180
Clopidogrel/ticlopidine
Irreversible inhibitor of platelet P2Y12 receptors; effective in preventing TIA
181
Dipyridamole, cilostazol
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor indicated for intermittent claudication
182
Drugs which block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking
Abciximab, tirofiban, eptifibatide
183
Warfarin
Vitamin K anticoagulant with zero-order kinetics of elimination Check PT/INR
184
Route of administration of warfarin
Oral
185
Contraindication for warfarin
Pregnancy
186
Anticoagulant choice in pregnancy
Heparin
187
MOA of Heparin
Increases activity of antithrombin 3 | Check PTT
188
Routes of administration of heparin
IV and SC
189
Side effect of both warfarin and heparin
Bleeding
190
Specific side-effect of heparin
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
191
Bivalrudin, argatroban
Two anticoagulants used for prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
192
Alteplase
Thrombolytic used for acute myocardial infarction and ischemic (non-hemorrhagic) cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
193
MOA of thrombolytics
Lyse thrombi by catalyzing the formation of plasmin which cleaves fibrin
194
Side effect of tissue plasminogen activators
Cerebral hemorrhage
195
Indications for thrombolytics
Pulmonary embolism | Severe DVT
196
Streptokinase
Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction and non-selective systemic fibrinolysis
197
Acetazolamide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
198
Diuretic used as prophylactic for mountain sickness and glaucoma
Acetazolamide
199
Side effects of acetazolamide
Paresthesias Alkalization of urine (precipitate Ca2+ salts) Hypokalemia Metabolic acidosis Encephalopathy in patients with hepatic empairment
200
Mechanism of action of loop diuretics
Inhibits Na+/K+/Cl2- cotransporter
201
Diuretic used in hypertensive patients with renal failure
Loop diuretics (furosemide, ethacrynic acid, butmetanide)
202
Site of action of loop diuretics
Thick ascending limb
203
Side effects of loop diuretics
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and ototoxicity
204
Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate this adverse effect
Ototoxicity
205
Calcium
Electrolyte lost in urine by acute treatment with loop diuretics but can be retained by thiazides
206
Mechanism of thiazide diuretics
Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport
207
Diuretic used as first line for treatment of hypertension
Thiazides
208
Site of action of thiazide diuretics
Early distal convoluted tubule
209
Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics
Sulfonamides
210
Side-effects of thiazide diuretics
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia
211
Mechanism of action of amiloride
Inhibit epithelial sodium channels channels in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct
212
Mechanism of action of spironolactone
Inhibit mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) receptor resulting in inhibition of Na/K ATPase and ENaC synthesis
213
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
Spironolactone, eplerenone
214
Side effect of spironolactone
Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, impotence
215
Diuretic used to reduce intracranial pressure
Mannitol
216
Diuretics work in congestive failure by...
reducing preload
217
Desmopressin
Antidiuretic hormone analog used for central diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis
218
Agents used for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion
Tolvaptan and conivaptan
219
Demeclocycline
An early generation tetracycline that may be used for chronic persistent syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion
220
Side effects of demeclocycline
Stunted bone growth and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age
221
Antibacterials for optimal treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis
Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin
222
Antibacterials for optimal treatment of acute pyelonephritis
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
223
Mechanism of action of penicillin
Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase and block peptidoglycan cross-linkage
224
Penicillins active against penicillinase-secreting bacteria
Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin
225
Cheap wide-spectrum antibiotic drug of choice for otitis media
Amoxicillin
226
Class of antibioticst hat have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins
Cephalosporins
227
Penicillins active against pseudomonas
Piperacillin and ticarcillin
228
Drug of choice for N. gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
229
Beta-lactam that can be used in penicillin-allergic patients
aztreonam
230
Side effect of imipenem
Seizures
231
Drug of choice for treatment of serious pseudomembranous colitis
Oral vancomycin
232
Drug used for MRSA
Vancomycin
233
Mechanism of action of vancomycin
Binds D-Ala-D-Ala on murein monomers and prevent polymerization of the murein monomers
234
Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome (and prevention)
Vancomycin | Prevented by infusion at a slow rate and antihistamines
235
Drug that causes teeth discoloration
Tetracycline
236
Mechanism of action of tetracycline
Decreases protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosome and prevent binding of tRNA
237
Two toxicities of aminoglycosides
Nephro and ototoxicity
238
Aminoglycoside less used due to its irreversible vestibular toxicity
Strepotmycin
239
Mechanism of action of macrolides
Erythromycin, clarithromycin | Inhibit protein synthesis binding to 23S rRNA of 50S ribosome subunit
240
Drug of choice for Legionnaires' disease
Azithromycin or levofloxacin
241
Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis
Clindamycin
242
Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia
Chloramphenicol
243
Inhibits isoleucyl tRNA and used topically for impetigo
Mupirocin
244
Drug of choice for giardia, entamoeba, pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff), and trichomas
Metronidazole
245
Drug of choice from treatment of mild to moderate pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole
246
Disulfiram-like reaction
Side-effect of metronidazole when given with alcohol
247
Mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerasei II) and topoisomerase IV
248
Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy
Cartilage damage
249
Anemia caused by trimethoprim
Megaloblastic anemia
250
Anti-bacterials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients
Sulfonamides
251
Mechanism of action of sulfonamides
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
252
Quadruple therapy for treatment of tuberculosis
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol
253
Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
Rifampin
254
Common side effect of Rifampin
Orange urine discoloration
255
Neurotoxicity with isoniazid can be prevented by
Administration of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
256
Side effect of isoniazid
Systemic lupus erythematosus, peripheral neuritis, hepatitis
257
Drug of choice for leprosy
Dapsone
258
Toxicity of amphotericin
Nephrotoxicity
259
Side effect of ketoconazole only in men
Gynecomastia
260
Mechanism of action of nystatin
Binds to ergosterol and creates a pore in fungal membrane
261
Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it
Scotch tape technique and mebendazole (albendazole)
262
Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria
Primaquine
263
Drug of choice for influenza A and B
Oseltamivir or Zanamivir
264
Drug of choice for respiratory syncytial virus
Ribavirin
265
Drug of choice for herpes and its mechanism of action
Acyclovir; activated by viral thymidine kinase, inhibits viral DNA replication
266
Drug of choice for cytomegalovirus treatment
Ganciclovir
267
Side effect of ganciclovir
Myelosuppression (neutropenia)
268
First line for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infections
IFN + nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
269
First-line for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infections in genotype 1 patients
IFN + ribavirin + protease inhibitor (-previr)
270
HIV medication used to reduce mother-to-child transmission during birth
Zidovudine, nevirapine
271
Antivirals associated with neutropenia
Ganciclovir, zidovudine, interferon
272
Two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors approved for both HIV and HBV infections
Tenofovir | Lamivudine
273
Antiviral/antiretroviral that are teratogens
Efavirenz, ribavirin
274
Anti-retroviral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy
Didanosine
275
Three anti-retroviral agents associated with fatal Stephen-Johnson syndrome
Nevirapine, efavirenz, etravirine
276
Anti-retroviral class that causes drug interactions by causing induction of CYP enzymes
Non-nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
277
Anti-retroviral class that causes drug interactions by causing inhibition of CYP enzymes
Protease inhibitors
278
Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)
NSAIDs
279
Mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (cox)
280
Four main actions of NSAIDs
Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic, and antiplatelet activity
281
Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor that displays zero-order kinetics of elimination
Aspirin
282
The reason why aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection
Potential for development of Reye's syndrome
283
Two side effects of salicylates
Tinnitus, GI bleeding
284
Prostaglandins that cause abortions
Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol), PGE2, and PGF2 alpha
285
Prostaglandin analog indicated for severe pulmonary hypertension
Epoprostenol (PGI2)
286
Prostaglandin analog used as 2nd line for erectile dysfunction
Alprostadil (PGE1)
287
Prostaglandin analog used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosus
Alprostadil (PGE1)
288
NSAID that may be used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
Indomethacin
289
NSAID available orally, IM, IV, nasally, and ophthalmically
Ketoralac
290
NSAID used mostly for anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) due to nephrotoxicity
Ketoralac
291
Difference between Cox 1 and Cox 2
Cox 1: constitutive | Cox 2: inducible during inflammation
292
Selective Cox 2 inhibitor
Celecoxib
293
Cox 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of
Gastric ulcers and GI bleeding
294
Cox 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in patients with
Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease
295
Two main actions of acetaminophen
Antipyretic and analgesic activity
296
Side effect of acetaminophen
Hepatotoxicity
297
Inhibitor of lipoxygenase
Zileuton
298
Major side effect of zileuton that limits its use
Liver toxicity
299
Two leukotriene (LTD4) receptor antagonists used in asthma
Zarfirlukast and montelukast

Step 1 Review (6 decks)

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