Pharmacology: Optho Drugs

Question 1

Describe the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 1

Stop aqueous production

Question 2

Name an ocular side effect of chloroquine

Answer 2

Maculopathy

Question 3

Describe the mechanism of action of penicillins and cephalosporins

Answer 3

β-lactam ring inhibits the enzyme which makes bacterial cell wall → without cell wall bacteria die

Question 4

Describe the mechanism of action for local anaesthetics

Answer 4

Blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 5

What is the indication for sympathomimetics?

Answer 5

Dilate the pupil before diagnostic/therapeutic procedures

⍺2 agonists used in refractory glaucoma)

Question 6

Why should you not give chloramphenicol to newborns?

Answer 6

Newborns livers are unable to process chloramphenicol, results in grey baby syndrome

Question 7

Describe the mechanism of action of quinolone antibiotics

Answer 7

Inhibit DNA gyrase, an enzyme that compresses bacterial DNA onto supercoils

Inhibition of DNA gyrase means nucleic acid synthesis is inhibited - supercoils unwind leading to cell death

Question 8

What is ganciclovir?

Answer 8

Antiviral used in the management of dendritic ulcers of the cornea

Question 9

Describe the mechanism of action of ⍺2 adrenergic agonists

Answer 9

Stop aqueous production and opens up drainage pathways for aqueous

Question 10

Name an ocular side effect of rifampicin

Answer 10

Red tears (can stain contacts)

Question 11

Name a contraindication for ⍺2 adrenergic agonists

Answer 11

Contraindicated in children

Question 12

Name the most commonly used topical ocular antibiotic

Answer 12

Chloramphenicol

Question 13

What is the indication for topical β-blockers e.g. timolol?

Answer 13

Second-line option for the management of glaucoma

Question 14

Describe the indications for steroid eye drops

Answer 14

Used to suppress inflammation e.g. post cataract op, uveitis, prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 15

What type of antibiotic is ofloxacin?

Answer 15

Quinolone

Question 16

Name the route of administration of mydriatics

Answer 16

Topical

Question 17

Name an ocular side effect of amiodarone

Answer 17

Corneal verticillata

Question 18

Chloramphenicol is bactericidal for which organisms?

Answer 18

Strep. and Haemophilus

Question 19

What is the indication for topical ⍺2 adrenergic agonists e.g. brimonidine?

Answer 19

Sympathomimetic drug which is an alternative option for the management of glaucoma

Question 20

Describe the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol

Answer 20

Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (inhibits bacterial protein synthesis)

Question 21

When might antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers be used in ophthalmology?

Answer 21

Hayfever/allergic conjunctivitis

Question 22

Name the route of administration for ganciclovir

Answer 22

Topical or systemic

Question 23

Name two contraindications for steroids

Answer 23

Inappropriate use of steroids can result in the proliferation of herpes simplex keratitis

Do not use in dendritic ulcer - cause corneal melt

Question 24

Describe the mechanism of action of prostanoids e.g. latanoprost

Answer 24

Open up drainage pathways for aqueous humour

Question 25

Name the route of administration for ⍺2 adrenergic agonists

Answer 25

Topical

Question 26

Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic for which organism?

Answer 26

Staph.

Question 27

What physical properties of chloramphenicol enable it to pass through the cornea?

Answer 27

It has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic properties

Question 28

Describe the mechanism of action of ganciclovir

Answer 28

Inhibits viral DNA synthesis

Question 29

Name an ocular side effect of alcohol and ethambutol

Answer 29

Optic atrophy

Question 30

When might NSAIDs be used in ophthalmology?

Answer 30

Pain relief e.g. post refractive laser

Question 31

Give two examples of steroid eye drops

Answer 31

Betamathasone, prednisolonce acetate

Question 32

Name the route of administration for parasympathomimetics

Answer 32

Topical

Question 33

Describe the mechanism of action for parasympathomimetics

Answer 33

Act on parasympathetic system to contract the pupillary sphincter, resulting in constriction of pupil (miosis) Contraction of ciliary body changes shape of lens which allows more aqueous to drain

Question 34

Why is compliance for parasympathomimetics poor?

Answer 34

4 x daily administration

Question 35

Name the route of administration for latanoprost?

Answer 35

Topical

Question 36

Name two ocular side effects of prolonged use of topical steroids

Answer 36

Cataract, glaucoma

Question 37

Name two side effects of mydriatics

Answer 37

Blurring of vision Can precipitate AACG

Question 38

Describe the mechanism of action of topical β-blockers e.g. timolol

Answer 38

Reduce rate of production of aqueous humour

Question 39

Name an ocular side effect of digoxin

Answer 39

Changes in colour appreciation

Question 40

What is the indication for latanoprost (xalatan)?

Answer 40

First-line in the management of glaucoma

Question 41

Describe the mechanism of action of sympathomimetics

Answer 41

Act on sympathetic system to cause pupil to dilate Some cause cycloplegia (e.g. atropine), some do not (e.g. phenylephrine)

Question 42

Describe the mechanism of action of steroid eye drops

Answer 42

Decreases transcription of inflammatory proteins and increases transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins

Question 43

Name the route of administration of sympathomimetics

Answer 43

Topical

Question 44

Penicillins and cephalosporins are classed as _______ antibiotics

Answer 44

β-lactam

Question 45

Name the most commonly used diagnostic dye

Answer 45

Fluorescein

Question 46

Describe the mechanism of action for mydriatics

Answer 46

Cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris Stop lens from focusing (cycloplegia)

Question 47

Name the route of administration for chloramphenicol

Answer 47

Ointment or drops

Question 48

Name a side effect of parasympathomimetics

Answer 48

Night blindness

Question 49

What is the indication for mydriatics e.g. tropicamide, cyclopentolate?

Answer 49

Applied before fundoscopy to aid examination

Question 50

Name the route of administration for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 50

Topical (dorzolamide)or systemic (acetazolamide)

Question 51

What is the indication for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 51

Second-line option for the management of glaucoma

Question 52

Name three indications for fluorescein

Answer 52

Shows corneal abrasion Shows dendritic ulcer Identify leaks

Question 53

Name two contraindications for chloramphenicol

Answer 53

History of anaplastic anaemia, history of allergy

Question 54

What is the indication for parasympathomimetics e.g. pilocarpine?

Answer 54

Alternative option for the management of glaucoma

Question 55

Name an ocular side effect of vigabatrin

Answer 55

Field defect

Question 56

Name two side effects of chloramphenicol

Answer 56

Allergy, irreversible anaplastic anaemia (rare)

Question 57

Name the indication for prostinoids

Answer 57

First-line in the management of glaucoma