Pharmacology secondary

Question 1

Explain the mechanism of action of Levosimendan

Answer 1

Increase the sensitivity of troponin C fibers to Ca which improves myocardial contractility

Question 2

What are the uses of Alpha methyl dopa?

Answer 2

Hypertension with pregnancy

Mild and moderate hypertension

Question 3

What are 4 adverse effects of alpha methyl dopa?

Answer 3

Bradycardia
Postural hypotension
Sedation
Night mares

Question 4

What are the uses of Clonidine?

Answer 4

Hypertension
Migraine headache prophylaxis
Used in morphine withdrawal

Question 5

Explain the Na Nitroprusside mechanism of acion

Answer 5

Same as nitrates

Question 6

Enumerate the Spironolactone therapeutic uses

Answer 6

Hyperaldosteronism
Refractory edema
Essential hypertension
In combination with thiazide

Question 7

Therapeutic use of nitrates

Answer 7

All types of angina pectoris
Congestive heart failure

Acute myocardial infarction
Coronary by pass surgery

Question 8

Mechanism of action of Calcium channel blocker

Answer 8

Block voltage of L calcium channel present in heart. They decrease calcium influx

Cardiac muscle inhibition
Arteriol VD

Question 9

Give the uses of ACEI

Answer 9

Hypotension
Heart failure
Myocardial infarction to decrease the infraction size

Question 10

Therapeutic uses of digitalis

Answer 10

patient with reduced ejection fraction HF

Atrial Fibrillation

Supra-ventricular tachycardia

Question 11

Contraindication of digitalis

Answer 11

Sick sinus syndrome
Cardiac ischemia
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac ischemia

Question 12

Mannitol Mechanism of action and uses

Answer 12

MOA: inhibits water reabsorption

Uses: Glucoma, to lower intracranial pressure

Question 13

Explain the mechanism of action of Ivabradine

Answer 13

It selectively inhibits the cardiac pacemaker funny current that controls diastolic depolarization in sinus node.

Question 14

4 Contraindications of Nitrates

Answer 14

Allergy to nitrates
Bradycardia under 50 BPM
Infraction of Rt ventricle
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 15

Heparin uses

Answer 15

Deep venous thrombosis
Pulmonary embolism
cerebral thrombosis
myocardial infarction

Question 16

Enumerate uses of neostigmine

Answer 16

Miotic in glaucoma
Paralytic ileus
Post-operative urine retention
Myasthenia gravis

Antidote to atropine toxicity

Question 17

Enumerate the uses of Atropine

Answer 17

Counter act vagal tone during surgery

Decrease salivary and bronchial secretion

treatment of neostigmine and organophosphorus poising.

Fundus examination

Question 18

Toxicity of atropine

Answer 18

Tachycardia

Mydriasis with blurred vision

Constipation and urine retention

Dry mouth and dry skin

Question 19

Enumerate the contraindications of Atropine

Answer 19

Angina and arrhythmia

Glaucoma

Constipation and paralytic ileus

Senile enlargement of prostate (makes urine retention worst)

Question 20

Enumerate the uses of Hyoscine

Answer 20

Parkinsonism
Motion sickness prophylaxis
Meniere’s disease

Question 21

Discuss the therapeutic uses of adrenaline

Answer 21

Prolongation of local anesthetics

Acute Bronchial asthma

Anaphylactic shock

Cardiac resuscitation

Question 22

Toxicity side effect of adrenaline

Answer 22

Hypertension

cerebral hemorrhage

Finger gangrene if give local anesthesia

Tachycardia

Question 23

What are the actions of dopamine

Answer 23

Rate of infusion has different effect

Low rate: VD and decrease PR, and increase renal blood flow and urine output

Moderate rate: +ve ionotropic and +ve chrono tropic

High rate: Generalized VC

Question 24

Therapeutic uses of Dopamine

Answer 24

In Cardiogenic, hemorrhagic and heart failure

Question 25

Toxicity side effects of Dopamine

Answer 25

Ventricular arrhythmia Nausea and vomiting Rise in BP

Question 26

Actions of Prazosin (Alpha- Blocker)

Answer 26

Vasodilation Direct smooth muscle relaxation VD action is not accompanied by reflex tachycardia since it is an selective alpha 1 blocker Has mixed VD

Question 27

Uses of Alpha-Blocker

Answer 27

Hypertension (used orally) Heart failure (decrease both preload and afterload)

Question 28

Side effects of Alpha-Blocker?

Answer 28

First does phenomenon gives postural hypotension Dry mouth Nausea vomiting Allergy

Question 29

CVS action of Beta-Blocker ?

Answer 29

-ve inotropic -ve chronotropic delays AV conduction reduce heart work and O2 consumption

Question 30

Mention three cardiac actions for digitalis.

Answer 30

Bradycardia improve contractility Decrease AV conduction

Question 31

Explain why Beta blockers are not combined with digitalis therapy.

Answer 31

Because both digitalis and beta blockers cause bradycardia, it can result in dangerously low heart rate.

Question 32

What are the disadvantages of Hydralazine (Vaso-dilator)?

Answer 32

Hypersensitivity Upsets GIT Contraindicated in Angina Contraindicated in Kidney disease

Question 33

Labetalol 3 uses

Answer 33

Hypertensive emergency Hypertension in toxemia of pregnancy Pheochromocytoma

Question 34

what are the manifestations of digitalis toxicity?

Answer 34

Bradycardia Headache Nausea Vomiting