PharmacologyANS Flashcards

Question

Types of parasympathetic drugs

Answer 1

parasympathomimetics (increase Ach activity) and parasympatholytics (decrease) can act directly or indirectly

Answer 2

muscarinic receptor blocker

Answer 3

- Mostly founds on glands and are dose dependent - The effects of acetylcholine are usually excitatory, but an important exception is the heart, which receives inhibitory cholinergic fibers from the vagus.

Answer 4

Drugs that mimic the effects of acetylcholine are called cholinomimetics and can be divided into two groups: drugs that act directly on receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic agonists); and anticholinesterases, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase and so act indirectly by allowing acetylcholine to accumulate in the synapse and produce its effects.

Answer 5

HeartFailure decrease negative inotropic symptom: supraventricular tachycardia (too fast heart rate)

Answer 6

peristaltic (wave-like movement) increase ``` symptom: atonia(無緊張（症）、弛緩（症), functional impairment of the bladder (post op) ```

Answer 7

secretion increase (sweating !) symptom: Mucoviscidosis - diagnostic (Pilocarpine iontophoresis)

Answer 8

miosis, aqueous humor symptom: glaucoma

Answer 9

``` cardiodepression diarrhea, nausea, emesis bronchoconstriction, sweating disturbance of accomodation even possible if applied locally ! ```

Answer 10

cardial insuffizience Asthma bronchiale KI also for local treatment !

Answer 11

- areca nut is chewed along with betel leaf to obtain a stimulating effect. - areca nut chewing is carcinogenic

Answer 12

„analeptic“ Stimulation of ventilation (in high doses vent. arrest) no therapeutic use e.g. pilocarpine, arecoline

Answer 13

rest and digest - pupil contrict! - salivation stimulate - heart slows - constrict breathing! - digestion stimulated - gallbladder stimulated - bladder constricted! - sex organ stimulated

Answer 14

debated whether it is a drug or poison

Answer 15

atropine, scopolamine

Answer 16

- Nondepolarizing - Rapid onset - Dose-dependent duration - No side-effects - Elimination independent of organ function - No active or toxic metabolites

Answer 17

Steroids: Rocuronium bromide, Vecuronium bromide, Pancuronium bromide, Pipecuronium bromide Naturally occurring benzylisoquinolines: curare, metocurine Benzylisoquinoliniums: Atracurium besylate, Mivacurium chloride, Doxacurium chloride

Answer 18

Ultra-Short: Succinylcholine Short: Mivacurium Intermediate: Rocuronium, Vecuronium Long: Pancuronium, curare, Doxacurium

Answer 19

FIGHT or FLIGHT - pupil dilate! - CNS, brain, alertness increase - salivation reduce - bronchi気管支 dilate - skin sweat - heart rate increase - digestion reduced - liver release Glu - bladder reduce in muscle, increase in tone - muscle increase

Answer 20

-sympathomimetic agent; it mimics sympathetic effects There are two types: -α1 @ postsynaptic… occur in a few tissues, e.g. brain, vascular smooth muscle -α2 @ presynaptic… stimulation by NE reduce NT release (negative feedback); more common -β1,2,3 *different types found in different region/tissue

Answer 21

negative feedback to each other

Answer 22

sympathetic; smooth muscle

Answer 23

para; exocrine gland & endothelial cells

Answer 24

Agonists at adrenoceptors (direct adrenomimetics) mimic the actions of the naturally occurring catecholamines, NA and epinephrine, and are used for various therapeutic effects

Answer 25

α1, α2!!! β1 and β3, but not β2 action

Answer 26

α1, α2, β1 and β2 and weak β3 action

Answer 27

β1 and β2, but not α action

Answer 28

More like constriction but ejaculate -Contraction of arterioles and veins: raise in BP (α1)- -Contraction of radial muscules of iris: mydriasis and decreased aqueous secretion (α1) -GIT: intestinal relaxation, contraction of sphincters -Bladder trigone: contraction -Uterus: contraction -Splenic capsule: contraction -Neuromuscular transmission: increased ACh release -Insulin secretion: inhibited (α2 dominant) -Mail sex organs: ejaculation -Salivary glands: K+ and water secretion (α1) - Nictitating membrane in cats: contraction (α1)

Answer 29

more like parasympathetic but glycogenolysis at liver -Dilatation of arterioles and veins (β2): fall in BP -Cardiac stimulation (β1): increased heart rate, force and conduction velocity -Bronchodilation (β2) -Eye: enhanced aqueous secretion -GIT: intestinal relaxation (β2) -Bladder detrusor: relaxation -Uterus: relaxation (β2) -Neuromuscular transmission: tremor (β2) -Augmented insulin and glucagon secretion (β2) -Liver: glycogenolysis (β2) -Fat – lipolysis (β3), Kidney – renin release (β1) -Posterior pituitary: ADH secretion (β1)

Answer 30

analog of epinephrine

Answer 31

Primarily sites of broncho気管支dilation action of inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists is mainly bronchiolar smooth muscle. Atropinic drugs cause bronchodilation by blocking cholinergic constrictor tone, act primarily in large airways

Answer 32

``` tocolytic effect: Fenoterol (Partusisten: tab. 5 mg) Hexoprenaline Salbutamol (Salbupart) Terbutaline ```

Answer 33

Ephedrine with anti-hypotensive and anti-asthmatic effects AR: tachyphyllaxis tachyphyllaxis: rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective

Answer 34

refers to the use of a drug for purposes for which it was not intended or using a drug in excessive quantities

Answer 35

Amphetamine | Cocaine

Answer 36

-beta blockers beta-blockers have a relaxing effect on muscle function, gaining the drug class a popular reputation as a performance-enhancement drug for athletes -beta-2-agonists

Answer 37

``` beta-blockers have a relaxing effect on muscle function, gaining the drug class a popular reputation as a performance-enhancement drug for athletes who benefit from the adrenaline-blocking effects of the medication. e.g. less tremor ```

Answer 38

All beta-2 agonists are prohibited at all times (training and competition). Four active substances are approved for inhalation: formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, terbutaline. The inhalative administration of the four beta-2-agonists is allowed. Their use for treatment is subject to a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)

Answer 39

``` muscarinic agonist (as eye drops) is sometimes used to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma ```

Answer 40

muscarinic agonist | used to stimulate the bladder in urinary retention, but it has been superseded by catheterization

Answer 41

relatively little effect at ganglia and are used mainly for their nicotinic effects on the neuromuscular junction. They are used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of competitive muscle relaxants used during surgery

Answer 42

block the effects of acetylcholine released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerve terminals. Parasympathetic effector organs vary in their sensitivity to the blocking effect of antagonists. Secretions of the salivary, bronchial and sweat glands are most sensitive to blockade. Higher doses of antagonist dilate the pupils, paralyze accommodation and produce tachycardia by blocking vagal tone in the heart. Still higher doses inhibit parasympathetic control of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder.

Answer 43

NE and epinephrine

Answer 44

Involved in sympathetic nervous system Inactivated by reuptake Sympathomimetics: drugs that partially or completely mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine

Answer 45

- drugs that partially or completely mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine - Act either directly on a- and/or β-adrenoceptors or indirectly on the presynaptic terminals, usually by causing the release of norepinephrine. - For example, ß2-Adrenoceptor agonists cause bronchial dilatation and are used in the treatment of asthma. They are also used to relax uterine muscle in an attempt to prevent preterm labour

Answer 46

(e.g. dobutamine) are sometimes used to stimulate the force of heart contraction in severe low-output heart failure. α1-agonists (e.g. phenylephrine) are used as mydriatics and in many popular decongestant preparations. Agonists, notably clonidine and methyldopa (which acts after its conversion to αmethylnorepinephrine, a false transmitter), are centrally acting hypotensive drugs

Answer 47

Sympathomimetic amines that act mainly by causing norepinephrine release (e.g. amfetamine) have the selectivity of norepinephrine, in addition to causing norepinephrine release. Amfetamine also has a direct action. Its effects are similar to these of epinephrine, but last much longer. Ephedrine is a mild central stimulant, but amfetamine, which enters the brain more rapidly. has a much greater stimulant effect on mood and a depressant effect on appetite. Amfetamine and. similar drugs have a high abuse potential and are rarely used.

Answer 48

ß-Adrenoceptor antagonists (ß-blockers) are important drugs in the treatment of hypertension, angina, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure and glaucoma. α-Adrenoceptor antagonists (α-blockers) have limited clinical applications. Prazosin, a selective αI-antagonist, is sometimes used in the treatment of hypertension. Phenoxybenzamine, an irreversible antagonist, is used to block the α-effects of the large amounts of catecholamines released from tumours of the adrenal medulla (phaeochromocytoma). Phentolamine, a shortacting drug, is used during surgery of phaeochromocytoma

PharmacologyANS Flashcards

(72 cards)