Pharmacy/Pharmacology

Question 1

How does pharmacokinetics (PK) relate to pharmacology and what are 4 ways?

Answer 1

a. It is the study of drug movement through the body via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 879

Question 2

2. What is the mechanism of action of Class I Antiarrhythmics?

Answer 2

Blockade of fast sodium channels, meaning it slows action potential conduction

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 892

Question 3

Who governs drug disposal?

Answer 3

Department of Environmental Quality, EPA, FDA, local boards of pharmacy

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg 897

Question 4

What does the Avermectins class of Antiparasitic mainly target?

Answer 4

Nematodes and arthropods

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg. 885

Question 5

What are some common side effects seen with the use of Tetracyclines?

Answer 5

Diarrhea, esophageal strictures in cats, decreased oral absorption when given with calcium or iron containing products/antacids/sucralfate, bind to enamel of developing neonates causing yellow discoloration

ML, Student #6, McCurnin 10th Ed. pg 884

Question 6

What 3 diseases most commonly affect drug PK?

Answer 6

Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and liver disease.

EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 958.

Question 7

Which drugs are nicotinic and Ach receptor agonists in nematodes?

Answer 7

Pyrantel pamoate, Pyrantel tartrate, and Morantel tartrate.

EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 963.

Question 8

Addison’s disease is treated with which drugs?

Answer 8

Fludrocortisone has both a mineralcorticoid (aldeosterone) and glucocorticoid (cortisol) activity. Desoxycorticosterone must be used with a glucocorticoid (prednisone) because it only has mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) activity.

EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 966.

Question 9

What are some concerns with drug compounding?

Answer 9

The development of adverse reactions or treatment failure due to loss of the drug’s stability, purity, and potency as it is altered from the original dosage form.

EKH, Student #4, McCurnin 9th Ed. pg 975.

Question 10

What is the CRI formula?

Answer 10

M=(D x W x V) (R)
M=drug amount (mcg or mg) to be added to the base solution
D=dosage (mcg or mg/kg/minute)
W=body weight (kg)
V=volume of base solution
R=infusion rate (mL/minute)

EKH, Student #4, Mcurnin 9th Ed. pg 979.

Question 11

What term refers to the amount of time for a drug in the body to decrease to half the amount that was administered?

Answer 11

Half Life

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 881

Question 12

Drugs such as Morphine, Fentanyl and Phenobarbital are classified as what schedule drugs?

Answer 12

Schedule II

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 878

Question 13

What group of antibiotics MOA interferes with development of the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 13

Penicillin

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 883

Question 14

What drug is administered IV to stop seizures?

Answer 14

Diazepam

BH, Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 893

Question 15

What term refers to a drug that is used for a different purpose than what the FDA has approved it for?

Answer 15

Off Label Use

BH. Student #5, McCurnin 10th ed. pg 895

Question 16

What is pharmacodynamics and what is measuring?

Answer 16

It is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body. Parameters include MOA, relationship between drug concentration and effect, side effects and adverse effects.

LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 957

Question 17

What are the different types of insulins used and what are the syringe types?

Answer 17

Regular insulin, NPH, Glargine, and PZIR.
U-100 and U-40
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 967

Question 18

What companies regulate the drug withdrawal time in food - producing animals?

Answer 18

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 974

Question 19

What act made it legal for veterinarians to use animal and human drugs for treatment?

Answer 19

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA).

LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 973

Question 20

What information must be on a prescription label that is going to be sent home with an owner?

Answer 20

A. The name, address and phone number of the dispensing veterinary clinic or pharmacy.
B. The name of the client.
C. Identification of the animal.
D. The date dispensed.
E. Directions for use.
F. The name of the prescribing veterinarian.
G. If drug is controlled needs to say “Caution: Federal law prohibits transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient of whom it was prescribed.
LB. Student #2 McCurnin 9th ed. pg 977

Question 21

Which type of drug is used to increase excretion of water? Which conditions/diseases can these drugs be used to treat?

Answer 21

Diuretics- useful for edema, CHF, some diseases of kidneys/liver/GI tract

Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg 967

Question 22

What is the most common side effect of most antibiotics? What may be recommended in order to prevent this side effect?

Answer 22

GI upset (vomiting/diarrhea)

May recommend giving antibiotics with food to prevent GI upset

Student #11, SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg.960-962

Question 23

Why is it important to consider adjusting dosages for patients with kidney disease/failure?

Answer 23

The kidneys play a major role in drug excretion, so if they are diseased or failing, there will be less excretion and a higher blood concentration of drugs. This leads to higher risk for adverse reactions and/or toxicity, especially for drugs that are primarily excreted in the kidneys (fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, enalapril, digoxin, chloramphenicol)

Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg9 958

Question 24

Why is it contraindicated to use NSAIDs and steroids (glucocorticoids) concurrently?

Answer 24

Both of these anti-inflammatory drugs can cause GI ulceration, so using them together poses greater risk for severe GI ulceration and/or perforation.

Student #11 SF
McCurnin 9th ed.
pg. 972

Question 25

How are immunosuppressive drugs typically used for long-term management of immune-mediated diseases? WHy?

Answer 25

Initially, immunosuppressives will be given at higher doses to control the symptoms and stabilize the underlying disease. Then, the patient will gradually be tapered off of the drugs to the lowest possible therapeutic dose. This is done to minimize the adverse effects of long-term immunosuppressive use. Student #11 SF McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 972

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action for diuretics?

Answer 26

Diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of sodium at different parts of the nephron or collecting duct. Student #10 MS McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 889

Question 27

Treatment of heart disease can include the use of what drugs?

Answer 27

Diuretics to reduce fluid accumulation. Inotropic agents to improve contractility of cardiac muscles. Antihypertensives to modulate blood pressure. Antiarrhythmics to control heart rhythm abnormalities. Student #10 MS McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 889

Question 28

What are the side effects of long term Glucocorticoid use?

Answer 28

Long term Glucocorticoid use can cause immunosuppression, delayed wound healing, polyuria, polydipsia, and diabetes mellitus. Student #10 MS McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 894

Question 29

What are the risks for each schedule of controlled drugs?

Answer 29

Schedule I: Use not accepted in a practical setting in the US. Schedule II: Risk of sever psychic or physical dependence in humans. Schedule III: Risk of moderate to low physical dependence but high psychological dependence. Schedule IV: Risk of limited physical or psychological dependence in humans. Schedule V: No DEA limit on prescriptions. Student #10 MS McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 878

Question 30

How does an animal's metabolism eliminate drugs?

Answer 30

Enzyme systems in the GI tract, kidney, and liver inactivate drugs and/or make them more water soluble for elimination in urine or bile. Student #10 MS McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 880

Question 31

What is the first-pass effect?

Answer 31

When a portion of a drug is lost during the process of absorption in the liver. Large amounts of a drug delivered PO will be metabolized before even entering the bloodstream. CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #956

Question 32

Why is it important to consider doses of highly protein-bound drugs in patients with hypoproteinemia?

Answer 32

A portion of the drug binds to albumin and creates a larger molecule that cannot move out into tissues. Only the unbound portion of the drug is distributed and causes the desired effects. If a patient has hypoproteinemia, they have less protein available to bind to the drug. This causes a higher portion of the drug to be distributed to tissues, making adverse side effects or overdose more likely. CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #956

Question 33

Why is the most common side effect of antibiotics vomiting and diarrhea?

Answer 33

Antibiotics can affect the normal bacterial flora in the GI tract, creating a bacterial imbalance. Specific antibiotics also directly irritate the stomach. CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #962

Question 34

Why should long-acting glucocorticoids be avoided when possible?

Answer 34

Long-acting glucocorticoids are eliminated from the body very slowly. This prolongs side effects, suppresses the body’s production of natural glucocorticoids, and makes it difficult to taper off the dose effectively. CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #972

Question 35

What is Furosemide’s mechanism of action?

Answer 35

It inhibits sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption in the Loop of Henle. Therefore more sodium is being excreted which will cause more water to be excreted as well. CP Student #9 McCurnin 9th ed. #967, 969

Question 36

Both Diazepam and Anticonvulsants are able to assist with…

Answer 36

Epilepsy LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. # 322

Question 37

Which type of insulin can be given intravenously?

Answer 37

Regular insulin LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #329

Question 38

Because of a genetic mutation, Collies and a few other dog breeds have a nonfunctional p-glycoprotein pump. This abnormality makes these breeds more sensitive to the drug ivermectin because it

Answer 38

Decreases action of the blood-brain barrier. LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #328

Question 39

Blood flow to the kidneys is negatively impacted by…

Answer 39

NSAID - class drug LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #328

Question 40

Is associated with an immune-system response. Idiosyncratic drug reactions Or Dose dependent drug reactions?

Answer 40

Idiosyncratic LM Student #7 McCurnin 10th ed. #323

Question 41

What drug is well absorbed in cat through transmucosally?

Answer 41

Buprenorphine MKM Student #8 McCurnin 10th ed. #2300

Question 42

What is bioavailability?

Answer 42

Bioavailability refers to the fraction of a drug dose that reaches the bloodstream MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed. #2302

Question 43

What is a steady state refer to?

Answer 43

Where the amount of drug administered is equal to the amount of drug being eliminated MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed #2305

Question 44

What are the side effects of Pimobenden?

Answer 44

GI upset, anxiety, and kidney failure MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed #2325

Question 45

Why can you not prescribe steroids and NSIADS at the same time?

Answer 45

They can cause significant gastric ulcers and perforations? MKM Student #8 McCurin 10th ed #2333