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pharmocology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

interaction of drugs with cells - including the binding of drugs to cells, their uptake and intracellular metabolism

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2
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

how drugs are handled within the body - absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

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3
Q

what are the 5 ways drugs can transfer across the membrane

A 
passive diffusion
transporters
membrane pores
vesicle mediated transport
active transport
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4
Q

what are 4 things that affect drug absorption?

A

particle size and formulation
GIT enzyme/acid
GIT mobility
physiochemical factors

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5
Q

how does pH affect drug diffusion?

A

drugs can only pass cell membrane if they are uncharged due to the membranes lipophillic nature

pH alters the charge on drugs

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6
Q

what does subcataneous administration involve?

A

injecting into fat layer

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7
Q

what does intravenous administration involve?

A

injecting into blood

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8
Q

when is intramuslcular administration suitable?

A

when it is a suspension or oily vehicle

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9
Q

what is buccal administration?

A

under the tongue/ cheek

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10
Q

what is transdermal administration

A

delivered across the skin for systemic distribution- transdermal patches etc

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11
Q

what is intrathecal administration?

A

injected into cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

what is epidural administration?

A

injected into epidural sac - around the spinal cord

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13
Q

what is topical administration?

A

application to body surfaces - skin or mucous membrane

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14
Q

how is protein binding used in drugs?

A

binding of drugs to albumin or glycoprotein for transport- this is a reversible mechanism. can changed amount of unbound drug, so changes biological activity

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15
Q

what are 4 roles of processing drugs?

A

activation of inactive drugs
inactivation of active drugs
production of active drug with increased activity
change in the nature of the activity

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16
Q

6 factors affecting drug metabolism

A 
first pass effect
hepatic blood flow
liver disease
genetic factors
age
other drugs
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17
Q

how is the liver involved in the elimination of drugs?

A

chemically alters drugs to make inactive or more active

depends on blood flow to the liver and activity of the enzymes

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18
Q

how is kidney function used to assess drug clearance?

A

creatine (which is excreted through the kidneys) clearance is used to estimate drug clearance

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19
Q

what is clearance?

A

the volume of blood/plasma cleared of drug per unit of time

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20
Q

what are the 4 major metabollic barriers that have to be passed before drugs reach the general circulation?

A

intestinal lumen
intestinal wall
liver
lung

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21
Q

what is the cockcroft gault equation

A

estimated creatine clearance in ml/min

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22
Q

what is efficacy?

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A

the extent of functional change imparted to a receptor upon binding of a drug

23
Q

what is potency?

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A

dose of the drug needed to produce a biological effect

24
Q

what is affinity?

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A

the chemical forces that cause the drug to bind to the receptor site

25
what is an agonist?
drug that binds to receptors and inniates a cellular response that mimics what naturally happens in the body - it has a high affinity and efficacy
26
what is a partial agonist?
a drug that acts on the same receptor but does not produce the same maximal response
27
what is an inverse agonist?
drug that acts on a receptor but produces an opposite
28
what is an antagonist?
a drug that binds to receptors but does not initiate a cellular response - it has affinity but no efficacy
29
what is the difference between competitive and non-competitive antagonist?
compeitive binds to the same site as the agonist but does not activate it, where as non compeitive binds to an allosteric site to prevent activation of the receptor
30
what are 4 general mechanisms of drug action?
action on receptors action on synapses enzyme action inhibit cell transport
31
what are 2 different types of drug enyzme interaction?
competitibe and non-competitive inhibition
32
what are 5 types of drug receptor?
cell-surface receptors ligand gated ion channels G-protein coupled receptors enzyme-linked transmembrane receptors intracellular receptors
33
what is receptor occupancy?
quanitfy thr binding of therpeutics to their targets on the cell surface used to generate pharmacodynamic biomarker data
34
what is dissociation equilibrium constant?
type of equilibrium that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate reversibly into smaller components
35
what is EC50?
the concentration of a drug that gives a half maximal response
36
what is the therapeutic index?
a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug. a comparison of therpeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity
37
what is the certain safety factor?
an aspect of the dose-response relationship | ratio of the lethal dose to 1% of the population to the effective dose to 99% of the population
38
what receptors do salbutamol act on?
beta 2 adrenergic receptors found on smooth muscle lining the airways of the lungs
39
what is the clinical use of salbutamol?
marketed as ventilin opens up medium and large airways in the lungs used to treat asthma , induced bronchoconstriction and chronic obstructive disease
40
what receptors do propanadol act on?
it is a competitive antagonist of beta adrenergic receptors propanadol exerts its effects primarily by blocking the action of endogenous catecholamine, epiephrine and norepinephrine at beta anergic recptors
41
what are the clinical uses of propanadol?
``` tremors angina hypertension heart rhythm disorder prevent heart attack reduce severity and frequecny of heart attacks ```
42
what receptors do antenolol work on?
beta-1-adrenergic receptors in the heart
43
what are the clinical uses of antenolol?
to reduce heart rate and workload type of beta blocker, used to treat hypertension prevents strokes, heart attacks and kidney problems, chest pain adn improves survival after a heart attack
44
what is volume of distribution?
the volume of plasma that accounts for the total amount of drug
45
what is the volume of distribution used for?
it allows you to calculate the loading dose neccessary for the desired blood concentration of a drug estimating blood concentration in treatment of an overdose
46
what is the bioavailability of a drug?
the proportion of a dose that reaches the systemic circulation
47
what is the half life of adrug?
time taken for the concentration of a drug to reduce by 50%
48
what are NSAIDs?
non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
49
how do NSAIDs work?
prevent prostoglandin production so act as pain releif as prostoglandins increase the sensitivity of pain receptors
50
how do ACE inhibitors work?
ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by reducing angiotensin II in the body so blood vessel widen
51
how do local anaesthetics work?
block sodium channels in nerve cells, so prevent action potential generation
52
what characteristic of a drug preducts that it will be easil absorbed across a cell membrane?
lipophillic, unionised
53
what is chloramphenicol?
antibiotic
54
how does chloramphenicol act?
antibiotic that targets bacterial ribosome

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