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med school pre Rough Review > Pharmocology Drug Summary > Flashcards

Pharmocology Drug Summary Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the classification, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of botulinum toxin

A

Classification: prevents release of acetylcholine

Mechanism of action: degrades SNARE & prevents vesicle fusion/ exocytosis

Clinical uses: paralyzes selected muscles with excessive tone

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2
Q

What are the major side effects of using botulinum toxin in a clinical setting?

A

Generalized muscle weakness or paralysis( depending on dosage, can be fatal)

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3
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of using botulinum toxins in a clinical setting?

A

Considerations: can reveal if patient has Lambert-Eaton syndrome… this disease will cause Botox to become generalized since release of ACh is still occurring

Contraindications: can be fatal if not localized

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4
Q

Describe the classification, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of neostigmine

A

Classsification: reversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: carbamic acid derivative; longer duration of action; prevents ACh from being broken down by increasing 1/2 life of AChE

Clinical uses: used for treating Myasthania Gravis

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5
Q

What are the major side effects of neostigmine?

A

Bradychardia, diharrhea, salvation

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6
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of neostigmine?

A

Major considerations: increase of ACh in the synaptic cleft

Major contraindications: can depolarized too much & cause decrease of the effect

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7
Q

Describe the classification, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of physostigmine

A

Classification: reversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: carbamic acid derivative; longer duration of action; prevents ACh from being broken down by increasing 1/2 life of AChE

Clinical uses: used for treating MG, crosses BBB good for CNS (GLUT 1 goes)

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8
Q

What is the major considerations of physostigmine ?

A

Used as treatment for atropine poisoning

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9
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of edrophonium?

A

Classification: reversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: simple alcohol; short duration of action-increases ACh in cleft

Clinical uses- used for diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Eaton Lamburt

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10
Q

What are the major considerations of edrophonium?

A

Slight increase of ACh (for a little bit)

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11
Q

What are the classifications and mechanism of action of malathion?

A

Classification: irreversible anticholinesterase

Mechanism of action: phosphate group irreversibly binds to AChE, preventing ACh breakdown

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12
Q

What are the major side effects of malathion?

A

Increased ACh stimulates receptors causing muscle paralysis and death

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13
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of malathion?

A

Considerations- only way to overcome is with synthesis of new AChE which may take up to 6 weeks

Contraindications- Common way of suicide in African countries; irreversible toxic used in pesticides

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14
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of Succinylcholine?

A

Classification: neuromuscular nicotinic agonists “depolarizing”

Mechanism of action: keeps muscles from contracting by causing receptor channels to stay open, leading to depolarizing blockade

Clinical uses: used to produce paralysis of pharyngeal muscles for intubation & ventilation (short procedure)

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15
Q

What are the major side effects of Succinylcholine?

A

Bradychardia, K+ release (prolonged depolarozation), prolonged paralysis

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16
Q

What are the major therapeutic considerations and contraindications of Succinylcholine?

A

Considerations: leads to paralysis of the muscles due to desensitization to prolonged activation

Contraindications: can cause malignant hyperthermia

Uses parasympathetic

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17
Q

What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Pancuronium ?

A

Classification: neuromuscular nicotinic antagonists “nondepolarizing”

Mechanism of action: occupies the Nm receptors on skeletal muscle so agonist cannot bind and muscle cannot contract

Clinical uses: used to produce paralysis in surgery (long procedure)

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18
Q

What are the major side effects of Pancuronium?

A

Hypertension, apnea, bronchospasm, salivation & flushing

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19
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of Pancuronium?

A

Considerations- more selective on neuromuscular junction (Nm); long lasting- effects are overcom3 by increasing ACh levels

Contraindications- can cause respiratory failure

-sympathetic responses are dominating

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20
Q

What is the classification of acetylcholine?

A

Muscuranic agonist

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of acetylcholine?

A

Not used clinically

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22
Q

What is a major side effect of Acetylcholine ?

A

Too short half life

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23
Q

What are the major considerations and contraindications of acetylcholine?

A

Consideration: nicotinic & muscuranic agonists

Contraindications: too short half life

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24
Q

What are the classification, mechanism of action and clinical uses of pilocarpine?

A

Classification: muscuranic agonists

Mechanism of action: ACh is NOT used; mimics ACh effects

Clinical uses: used to treat glaucoma by activating receptors on circular muscles of eye causing miosis; used to treat dry mouth in Sjorgens syndrome

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25
What are the major side effects of pilocarpine?
Stimulates parasympathetic
26
What are the major considerations and contraindications of pilocarpine?
Glaucoma & Sjorgen Syndrome treatment
27
What are the classifications, mechanisms, and clinical uses of methacholine?
Classification: muscuranic agonists Mechanism of action : ACh is NOT used Clinical uses: used in diagnosis of asthma (they will respond to lower dose)
28
What are the major side effects of methacholine?
Stimulates parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction
29
What are the major considerations and contraindications of methacholine?
Considerations: more specific for musculotenic because 3x more resistant to hydrolysis by AChE & possesses little affinity for nicotinic receptors Contraindications: causes major bronchoconstriction
30
What are the classifications, clinical uses and mechanism of action of Bethanechol ?
Classification: muscuranic agonists Mechanism of action: ACh is NOT used Clinical uses: choose for promoting GI & urinary tract
31
What are the classifications, clinical uses and mechanism of action of Bethanechol ?
Classification: muscuranic agonists Mechanism of action: ACh is NOT used Clinical uses: choose for promoting GI & urinary tract
32
What is the major side effect of Bethanechol?
Stimulates parasympathetic
33
What are the major considerations of Bethanechol ?
Almost completely selective for muscuranic receptors
34
What are the classifications, clinical uses, and mechanism of action of atropine?
Classification: muscuranic antagonists Mechanism of action: Bind to muscuranic receptor & prevents ACh from exerting its effect; blocks parasympathetic effects Clinical uses: produce mydriasis (dilation of eyes), inhibit excessive salivation/ mucus secretion, counteract muscurine or anticholinesterase poisoning, & reverse sinus bradychardia
35
What are the major side effects of atropine?
Pupil dilation, tachycardia, decrease secretions, sympathetic response because antagonizes parasympathetic
36
What are the major considerations and contraindications of atropine?
Considerations: competitive antagonists; allows sympathetic response to dominate; reduces SLUDGE= salivation, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis (sweating), GIT motility, Emesis
37
What are the cholinergic drugs?
- botulinum toxin - neostigmine - physostigmine - edrophonium - malathion - suuccinylcholine - Pancuronium - pilocarpine - methacholine - Bethanechol - atropine
38
What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of amphetamine?
Classification: inhibitor of CA storage Mechanism of action: Blocks NET Clinical uses: displaces endogenous Catecholamine from storage vesicles
39
What is the major side effect of Bethanechol?
Stimulates parasympathetic
40
What are the major considerations of Bethanechol ?
Almost completely selective for muscuranic receptors
41
What are the classifications, clinical uses, and mechanism of action of atropine?
Classification: muscuranic antagonists Mechanism of action: Bind to muscuranic receptor & prevents ACh from exerting its effect; blocks parasympathetic effects Clinical uses: produce mydriasis (dilation of eyes), inhibit excessive salivation/ mucus secretion, counteract muscurine or anticholinesterase poisoning, & reverse sinus bradychardia
42
What are the major side effects of atropine?
Pupil dilation, tachycardia, decrease secretions, sympathetic response because antagonizes parasympathetic
43
What are the major considerations and contraindications of atropine?
Considerations: competitive antagonists; allows sympathetic response to dominate; reduces SLUDGE= salivation, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis (sweating), GIT motility, Emesis
44
What are the cholinergic drugs?
- botulinum toxin - neostigmine - physostigmine - edrophonium - malathion - suuccinylcholine - Pancuronium - pilocarpine - methacholine - Bethanechol - atropine
45
What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of amphetamine?
Classification: inhibitor of CA storage Mechanism of action: Blocks NET Clinical uses: displaces endogenous Catecholamine from storage vesicles
46
What are the major considerations of amphetamine?
Weak inhibitor of MAO Alpha 1 is increased
47
What are the classifications, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of pseudoephedrine?
Classification: inhibitor of CA storage Mechanism of action: increases NE activity at post synaptic a & B receptors Clinical uses: used for nasal decongetion
48
What are the classifications, and mechanism of action of cocaine?
Classification: inhibitor of CA reuptake Mechanism of action: inhibits NE Transporter
49
What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of impramine?
Classification: inhibitor of CA reuptake Mechanism of action: inhibitor of reuptake of Catecholamines Clinical use: used for treating mild depression
50
What are the major side effects of impramine?
Post hypotension & tachycardia
51
What are the classifications, and mechanism of action of iproniazid?
Classification: inhibitor of CA metabolism Mechanism of action: irreversible & non selective
52
What are the considerations and contraindications of ipromazid?
Considerations: would inhibit MAO or other things that degrade epinephrine & norepinephrine Constipation : discontinued in most of the world besides France
53
What are the classifications, and clinical uses of epinephrine?
Classification: a & B agonist Clinical use: at high doses, treats anaphylaxis & used for vasoconstriction in conjunction with local anaesthetics
54
What are the major considerations of using epinephrine?
High affinity for B2 receptors; at high concentration, has effect on a1
55
What are the classifications and considerations of norepinephrine?
Classification: a & B agonist Considerations: high affinity for a1 & B1 but little affinity for B2
56
What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Oxymetazoline?
Classification: a1 & a2 agonist Mechanism of action: vasoconstriction; a1 agonist & partial a2 agonist Clinical use: decongestant
57
What is the considerations of oxymetazoline?
Topical or nasal; treats ocular hypermia- eye redness Examples: vicks, Sudafed, afrin, visine
58
What is the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical use of phenylephrine?
Classification: a1 agonist Mechanism of action: constriction & smooth muscle contraction Clinical use: treatment of shock
59
What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Oxymetazoline?
Classification: a1 & a2 agonist Mechanism of action: vasoconstriction; a1 agonist & partial a2 agonist Clinical use: decongestant
60
What is the considerations of oxymetazoline?
Topical or nasal; treats ocular hypermia- eye redness Examples: vicks, Sudafed, afrin, visine
61
What is the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical use of phenylephrine?
Classification: a1 agonist Mechanism of action: constriction & smooth muscle contraction Clinical use: treatment of shock
62
What are the classifications, mechanism of action and clinical uses of phenoxybenzamine?
Classification: a1 & a2 agonist Mechanism of action: non-selective, non-competitive a-antagonist - irreversible Clinical uses- Manage hypertension caused by pheochromocytoma- tumor of adrenal gland so NE is increased with this tumor
63
What is the major consideration of phenoxybenzamine?
Prevent vasoconstriction & decrease blood pressure
64
What are the classifications, mechanism of actions and clinical use of phentolamine?
Classification: a1 & a2 antagonist Mechanism of action: reversible, competitive antagonists Clinical uses: manage hypertension caused by pheochromocytoma

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