Pharynx and Larynx

Question 1

Oropharynx

Answer 1

extends from the level of the palatoglossal arches to the caudal border of the soft palate and the base of the epiglottis at the caudal end of the root of the tongue; dorsal and ventral boundaries are the soft palate and the root of the tongue; lateral wall contains the palatine tonsil and the tonsillar fossa

Question 2

Palatine tonsil

Answer 2

elongated and located caudal to the palatoglossal arch; covered by the semilunar fold

Question 3

Semilunar fold

Answer 3

medial wall of the tonsillar fossa; covers the palatine tonsil

Question 4

Opening of the nasolacrimal duct

Answer 4

on the floor of the rostrolateral end of the ventral meatus. on the ventral aspect of the alar fold; comes from the lacrimal sac at the medial commissure of the eye

Question 5

Nasopharynx

Answer 5

extends from the choanae to the junction of the palatopharyngeal arches at the caudal border of the soft palate

Question 6

Palatopharyngeal arch

Answer 6

extends caudally on each side from the caudal border of the soft palate to the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx; fold of mucosa that covers the palatopharyngeus muscle

Question 7

Opening of the auditory tube

Answer 7

oblique, slit-like opening in the nasopharynx; on the lateral wall, dorsal to the middle of the soft palate

Question 8

Pharyngoesophageal limen

Answer 8

annular constriction at the level of the cricoid cartilage; caudal boundary of the the laryngopharynx from the esophagus

Question 9

Laryngopharynx

Answer 9

dorsal to the larynx; extends from the palatopharyngeal arches to the beginning of the esophagus (pharyngealesophageal limen)

Question 10

Cricopharyngeus muscle

Answer 10

caudally its fibers blend with the esophagus

origin: lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage
insertion: median dorsal raphe of the laryngopharynx;
action: aid directly in swallowing
innervation: Glossopharyngeal and vagus nn.

Question 11

Thyropharyngeus muscle

Answer 11

rostral to the cricopharyngeus and caudal to the hyopharyngeus

origin: lateral side of the thyroid lamina
insertion: median dorsal raphe of the pharynx
action: aid directly in swallowing
innervation: Glossopharyngeal and vagus nn.

Question 12

Hyopharyngeus muscle

Answer 12

origin: 2 parts- lateral surface of the thyrohyoid bone, lateral surface of the ceratohyoid bone
insertion: median dorsal raphe of the pharynx
action: aid directly in swallowing
innervation: pharyngeal branches of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 13

Epiglottic cartilage

Answer 13

lies at the entrance to the larynx; lingual surface is attached to the basihyoid bone and faces the oropharynx; apex lies just dorsal to the edge of the soft palate; lateral margin is attached by mucosa to the cuneiform process of the arytenoid to form the aryepiglottic fold

Question 14

Aryepiglottic fold

Answer 14

attachment of the lateral epiglottic cartilage to the cuneiform process of the arytenoid cartilage; mucosal fold

Question 15

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 15

forms a deep trough, open dorsally, cartilage of the larynx

Question 16

Rostral cornu

Answer 16

articulates with the thyrohyoid bone, process off the thyroid cartilage

Question 17

Caudal cornu

Answer 17

articulates with the caudal aspect of the cricoid cartilage; ventrally, the caudal border is notched by the caudal thyroid incisure; process off the thyroid cartilage

Question 18

Caudal thyroid incisure

Answer 18

notch in the caudal border of the ventral part of the thyroid cartilage, caudal cornu

Question 19

Cricothyroid ligament

Answer 19

attaches the caudal border of the thyroid cartilage to the ventral arch of the cricoid cartilage

Question 20

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 20

forms a complete ring that lies partially within the trough of the thyroid cartilage; wide dorsal plate (lamina) and a narrow ventral arch; near the caudal border at the junction of the lamina and the arch, there is a lateral facet for articulation with the caudal cornu of the thyroid cartilage; on the cranial border of the lamina, there is a prominent pair of lateral facets for articulation with the arytenoid cartilage

Question 21

Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 21

paired, irregular in shape, located in a sagittal plane; each articulates medially with a facet on the rostral border of the cricoid lamina and has 4 processes

Question 22

Muscular process

Answer 22

lateral

Question 23

Vocal process

Answer 23

ventrally directed

Question 24

Corniculate process

Answer 24

dorsal

Question 25

Cuneiform process

Answer 25

rostral to corniculate process

Question 26

Vestibular fold

Answer 26

extends from the thyroid cartilage ventrally to the ventral portion of the cuneiform process and forms the rostral boundary of the laryngeal ventricle

Question 27

Laryngeal ventrible

Answer 27

diverticulum of the laryngeal mucosa bounded laterally by the thyroid cartilage and medially by the arytenoid cartilage; opens into the larynx between the vestibular fold rostrally and vocal fold caudally

Question 28

Vocal fold

Answer 28

attached between the vocal process of the arytenoid and the midventral part of the thyroid cartilage

Question 29

Glottis

Answer 29

consists of vocal folds, the vocal processes of the artenoid cartilages

Question 30

Rima glottidis

Answer 30

narrow passageway through the glottis; size and shape can be altered by muscular activity

Question 31

Cricothyroid muscle

Answer 31

lies ventral to the insertion of the sternothyroideus muscle and passes from the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid lamina action: tenses the vocal fold indirectly, draws ventral parts of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages together innervation: cranial laryngeal nerve

Question 32

Dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle (cricoarytenoideus dorsalis)

Answer 32

origin: dorsolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage insertion: muscular process on the lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage action: rotates the arytenoid so that the vocal process moves laterally, opening the glottis; only muscle with that primary function innervation: caudal laryngeal nerve

Question 33

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (cricoarytenoideus lateralis)

Answer 33

origin: lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage insertion: arytenoid cartilage between the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and the vocalis action: close the glottis by pulling the muscular process ventrally and thus moving the vocal process medially innervation: caudal laryngeal nerve

Question 34

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 34

gives rise to the vocalis muscle medially and ventricularis muscle rostrally origin: internal midline of the thyroid cartilage and inserts on the arytenoid cartilage action: relax vocal fold, constrict glottis innervation: caudal laryngeal nerve

Question 35

Vocalis muscle

Answer 35

medial division of the thyroarytenoid muscle origin: internal midline of the thyroid cartilage insertion: vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage action: Relaxes vocal fold innervation: Caudal laryngeal n.