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Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

where is the oral vestibule located?

A

between the lips and the teeth

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2
Q

boundary between the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

tip of epiglottis

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3
Q

oral cavity vs oral cavity proper?

A

oral cavity = everything between tongue and hard palate

oral cavity proper = distance between epiglottis and hard palate (includes tongue)

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4
Q

where is the hyoid?

A

in line with the base of the mandible

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5
Q

what is the frenulum?

A

connection between anterior surface of tongue and floor of mouth

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6
Q

what is the swelling in the middle of the frenulum called and what does it do?

A

sublingual caruncle

opening for submandibular gland

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7
Q

large vein on inferior/anterior surface of tongue?

A

deep lingual vein

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8
Q

what are the 2 muscles of the floor of the mouth?

A 
geniohyoid = in midline, between hyoid and chin (on mandible)
mylohyoid = lateral, underneath geniohyoid, between hyoid and mandible
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9
Q

what nerves innervate the muscles of the floor of the mouth?

A 
geniohyoid = C1 via hypoglossal nerve
mylohyoid = CN V3
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10
Q

how does submandibular gland interact with floor of mouth muscles?

A

wraps around the myohyoid to curve up into the floor of the mouth and towards the sublingual caruncle

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11
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid (near ear)
submandibular (under mandible)
sublingual (under tongue)

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12
Q

what do the minor salivary glands o

do?

A 
1000s in oral mucosa
basal secretion (background and continuous) to keep moth moist
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13
Q

give 2 stimuli for salivation

A

thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
painful oral conditions (teething, fractured mandible etc)

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14
Q

where does each major salivary gland secrete into the mouth?

A

parotid = crosses face and secretes into mouth by upper 2nd molar
submandibular = submandibular duct enters floor of mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle
sublingual gland = lays in floor of mouth and secretes via several ducts superiorly

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15
Q

how does the facial nerve supply salivary glands?

A

chorda tympani branch leaves middle ear and piggy backs on V3 nerve to supply parasympathetics to submandibular and sublingual glands and taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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16
Q

what nerve supplies parasympathetics to the parotid gland?

A

CN IX (piggy backs on V3 via otic ganglion)

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17
Q

sulcus terminalis?

A

divides anterior and posterior tongue

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18
Q

what is the tongue made of?

A

skeletal muscle covered in mucosa

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19
Q

features of posterior 1/3rd of tongue?

A

vertical orientation
not in oral cavity
taste and sensation via CN IX

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20
Q

features of anterior 2/3rds?

A

horizontal orientation
in oral cavity
general sensation = V3
taste = CN VII

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21
Q

name and position of papillae?

A 
foliate = on lateral sides of tongue at the back
vallate = along the border between anterior and posterior tongue (V shaped)
fungiform = around middle of tongue (contain tastebuds)
filiform = near front of tongue (touch, temperature etc)
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22
Q

where does the thyroid develop?

A

originates in the pharynx around level of 3rd and 4th arches

descends through foramen caecum infront of the larynx, through thyroglossal duct

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23
Q

how do thyroid swellings move?

A

move superiorly then inferiorly on swallowing due to attachment to larynx

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24
Q

how is the tongue suspended in the oral cavity?

A

suspended by 4 pairs of skeletal muscles

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25
what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
26
what do the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles do?
modify the shape of the tongue during function
27
what are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles?
palatoglossus styloglossus hyoglossus genioglossus
28
what innervates the tongue muscles?
``` CN XII (hypoglossal) palatoglossus = CN X (vagus) ```
29
how does the hypoglossal nerve connect to the CNS?
via many rootlets that attach to the medulla oblongata
30
describe the course of the hypoglossal nerve
exits via hypoglossal canal (on anterior wall of foramen magnum) descends in neck lateral to carotid sheath passes anteriorly to hyoid towards the lateral aspect of tongue supplies most tongue muscles
31
how can you test CN XII (hypoglossal)?
stick tongue straight out if both CN XII are functional the tongue tip remains in the midline upon protrusion in unilateral CN XII damage the tongue tip will point towards the side of the injured nerve
32
where is the main blood supply to the tongue found?
blood supply is medial to the hyoglossus (lingual artery - right and left)
33
where is nerve supply to the tongue found?
lateral to hyoglossus
34
where are the palatine tonsils found?
between arches of soft palate
35
where are the front 4 teeth found?
intermaxillary segment
36
what bones form the hard palate?
right and left palatine process of the maxilla right and left palatine bone lateral and medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
37
what is the suture between right/left bones of the hard palate?
median palatine suture
38
what are the 2 foramen of the palate?
greater and lesser palatine foramina | allows passage of branches of V2 and branches of maxillary artery
39
surface features of hard palate?
minor salivary glands in the palatal mucosa which secrete mucous duct openings of the palatine glands palatal ruggae
40
what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?
``` tensor veli palatine levator veli palatine musculus uvulae palatoglossus palatopharyngeus ```
41
function and innervation of tensor veli palatine?
CN V3 | tenses palatine aponeurosis (tenses palate when swallowing)
42
function and innervation of levator veli palatine?
CN X | lifts palatine aponeurosis
43
function and innervation of musculus uvulae?
CN X | shortens uvula
44
function and innervation of palatoglossus?
CN X | brings tongue and soft palate together
45
function and innervation of palatopharyngeus?
CN X | lifts pharynx and thyroid cartilage
46
3 functions of soft palate?
functions as a trap door 1. stops food entering the nose during swallowing 2. directs air into the nose or the mouth during speech, sneezing, coughing and vomiting 3. helps to close off the entrance into the oropharynx during gag reflex
47
how can CN X be tested?
ask patient to say "aahh" if the nerves are functioning on both sides, the uvual will lift straight up in the midline if there is unilateral nerve pathology the uvula will not lift up on that side, so the uvual will be pulled away from the non-functioning side and will point the opposite way
48
describe the 3 outer circular muscles of the pharynx
constrictor muscles skeletal during sequential contraction, pushes food bolus inferiorly towards oesophagus
49
describe the 3 inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
3 paired vertical muscles skeletal during contraction, pull larynx superiorly shortening pharynx during swallowing
50
what is the combined action of pharynx muscles and what innervates them?
combined peristaltic action | all innervated by CN X (except stylopharyngeus)
51
where does the superior constrictor circular muscle attach?
pterygoid haulus pterygomandibular raphe mylohyoid line
52
where does the middle constrictor circular muscle attach?
greater horn of hyoid
53
where does the inferior constrictor circular muscle attach?
``` thyroid cartilage (oblique line) cricoid cartilage ```
54
what travels through the gap between circular muscles of the pharynx ("gateway to the mouth")?
CN IX lingual artery stylopharyngeus muscle
55
describe the layout of the circular muscles of the pharynx
overlap each other internal and external fascial coverings all insert onto midline raphe
56
what nerve innervates the circular muscles of the pharynx?
CN X via pharyngeal plexus
57
what are the 3 longitudinal muscle of the pharynx?
stylopharyngeus palatopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus
58
what is the course of the stylopharyngeus?
originates on the styloid process | passes through the "gateway to the mouth" with the glossopharyngeal nerve
59
what nerve supplies the longitudinal muscles?
stylopharyngeus = CN IX | palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus = CN X
60
where do the longitudinal muscles insert and what is their combined function?
posterior border of thyroid cartilage | elevate pharynx and larynx
61
what is the torus tubarius and where is it found?
cartilaginous covering of the opening of the eustachian tube
62
5 features of the nasopharynx?
``` choanae torus tubarius pharyngeal recess salpingopharyngeal fold opening for eustachian tube ```
63
4 features of he oropharynx?
palatine tonsil palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch lingual tonsil
64
2 features of laryngo pharynx?
``` laryngeal aditus (inlet) piriform fossa (recess) ```
65
what is waldeyer's tonsillar ring?
ring of tonsils within the mucosa of the nasopharynx and oropharynx - pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) - tubal tonsils - palatine tonsils - lingual tonsils
66
what lymph node drains the palatine tonsil?
jugulo-diastric node
67
what are the 5 regional lymph nodes of the ear, nose and throat?
``` submental submandibular deep cervical jugulo-digastric retropharyngeal nodes ```
68
features of infected lymph nodes?
``` swollen painful soft smooth not fixed to adjacent structures improves rapidly with antibiotics ```
69
features of cancerous lymph nodes?
``` swollen not painful hard irregular fixed do not improve ```
70
how do midline structures drain?
often drain bilaterally (across the midline) e.g - the tip of the tongue may drain to the left or right submental lymph nodes to the examination of the lymph nodes of the head and neck must be bilateral
71
which bilateral regional lymph nodes must be examined?
submental submandibular parotid (pre-auricular) mastoid (post auricular) occipital deep cervical (along internal jugular vein) superficial cervical nodes (along external jugular vein)

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