Pharynx, Larynx and the Neck Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus.
Which nerve innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
The hypoglossal nerve innervates all except the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve.
What are the functions of the extrinsic tongue muscles?
Genioglossus: protrusion and depression; hyoglossus: depression and retraction; styloglossus: retraction and elevation; palatoglossus: elevation of the posterior tongue.
What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, and how are they named?
Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles, named based on the direction they travel.
What are the two main components of the palate?
The hard palate (bone) and soft palate (muscle and fascia).
What are the layers of the pharyngeal wall from superficial to deep?
Mucosa, submucosa, pharyngo-basilar fascia, muscle layer, and buccopharyngeal fascia.
What are the muscles of the outer circular layer of the pharynx, and what is their function?
Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles; they contract sequentially to propel the bolus during swallowing.
What are the muscles of the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus (CN IX), palatopharyngeus (CN X), and salpingopharyngeus (CN X).
What is Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
A ring of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx and oropharynx, formed by the pharyngeal (adenoid), lingual, and palatine tonsils.
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages.
What are the three parts of the interior larynx?
Vestibule, ventricle, and infraglottic cavity.
Which muscles separate the vocal cords for breathing?
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles.
What are the spaces in the larynx where foreign bodies can get stuck?
The piriform fossa.
What are the collars of the neck, and what do they encompass?
The outer musculofascial collar encloses the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles; the inner collar encompasses the deep neck muscles and carotid sheath.
What are the infrahyoid muscles, and what is their function?
Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid; they depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech.
What is the ansa cervicalis, and which muscles does it innervate?
A nerve loop from C1-C3, it innervates most infrahyoid muscles except the thyrohyoid, which is innervated by C1 via the hypoglossal nerve.
What are the major structures contained in the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes.
What is the lymphatic drainage pathway of the neck?
Lymph drains from superficial nodes to deep cervical nodes along the internal jugular vein, and finally to the jugular trunks.
What are the major triangles of the neck?
Submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles.
What are the sensory and motor nerves associated with the pharynx?
Sensory: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX); motor: vagus nerve (CN X).
What are the primary blood vessels supplying the neck?
Common carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, external and internal jugular veins, and subclavian veins.
What is the clinical significance of the piriform fossa?
Foreign bodies may get stuck here, causing coughing or pain; sharp objects may pierce the thyrohyoid membrane.
What is the function of the larynx during swallowing and voice production?
It protects the airway during swallowing, produces sound for speech, and regulates airflow.
