Phase 2 Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What is “Characterization of site” and what is its purpose
A
Reconnaissance/ or exploratory [TAKING SAMPLES]
used to confirm presence of suspected contamination
2
Q
Characterization of site includes
A
– Physical- soil, bedrock, topography, vegetation, direction of ground and surface water flow
– To help identify potential pathways/receptors and their linkages
– Will determine type of contaminant, location, concentration and general sense of migration
3
Q
Which teirs have more pathways?
A
2 and 3
4
Q
what are Sites that could possibly initiate a Phase 2 (8)
A
- Properties that stored PHC (especially underground)
- Property that currently stores PHC
- Former or current gas stations
- Former dry cleaning operations
- Former/current sandblasting operations [HEAVEY METALS]
- Any industrial facilities
- Any waste storage facilities
- Large scaled chemical storage unless they have appropriate paper work.
5
Q
What are the components of a Phase 2 ESA (7)
A
- Define site
- Review existing data [PHASE 1 DATA, previous ESA]
- Define objectives
- Develop conceptual model
– Site plan, cross sections - Collect data from site
- Analyze/compile data
- Report and invoice client
6
Q
what is included in Phase 2 ESA Preliminary Work
A
** startt considering safety factors
- Identify potential contaminate types
- Identify/quantify potential contaminated sources
- Identify & quantify physical /chemical hazards associated with the site.
- Record the above in a detailed site plan
- Plan your sampling strategy according to this information
7
Q
Why are Site Plans IMP!
A
Need scale, elevations, orientation(North)
Border of property (very important)
Title block, legend, date, revision number
Groundwater flow direction (maybe determined from phase 2)
Features, permanent structures, services, possible contaminants highlighted (— if not confirmed)
CAD person maybe on staff [computer aided person]
8
Q
what can you get from a site plan? (6)
A
Soil/bedrock/fill zones identified
Present/former roads
Hydrogeology- wells, water levels, services
Adjacent sites
Information from past studies
Past features, buildings, underground services, culverts on streams, etc.
9
Q
what is the purpose of a Construct Work Plan
A
Highlight (in general) the things that would need to be covered every
time.
10
Q
What may be included in a Construct Work Plan
A
– Contaminant types/characteristics
– Use preliminary data to ID where sources maybe
– Combine preliminary data with contaminant info to determine
where/what/how to sample.
11
Q
What would occur in the water when looking at longer and shorter carbon chains?
A
short float (C6-C12)
long sink (C12-C18)
12
Q
The lighter carbon chains are __________________
A
more mobile
harder to clean up
more costly to clean up
13
Q
What is #2 Fuel ***
A
Diesel
14
Q
What are common contaminants
A
- Hydrocarbons (TPH)
- BTEX
15
Q
What does BTEX stand for
A
(B) Benzene
(T) Toluene
(E) Ethyl benzene
(X) Xylene
16
Q
BTEX is ____________liquid
A
clear colorless
17
Q
What are sources of TPH/BTEX? *** (5)
A
-Wherever oil or gas is present
-Dry cleaners
-Paints or printing production
-Paint thinners
-Waste disposal site
18
Q
What is #6 ?***
A
Lube oil
19
Q
If a site is signed off that falls under more stringent criteria –
liabilty becomes an issue
T/F
A
T
20
Q
PCB’s are _____
A
non-migratory
Long chained organic compounds with high toxicity.
Hydrophobic-Rare in groundwater.
Adheres to sediment. Non migratory
Bioaccumulates, breakdown resistant.
21
Q
Sources of PCBs include
A
Transformers,
ballasts and
hydraulic equipment.
22
Q
Common examples of light metals include
A
Aluminum
Copper
Selenium
23
Q
Common examples of heavey metals include
A
lead
cadmium
nickle
mercury
zinc
manganese
24
Q
If the liquid is more acidic (lower pH) what does that mean for metals?
A
the more acidic - the more metals that will dissolve
those that don’t dissolve are easier to deal with
25
If you come across a sheen; if you put a stick into it and it sticks then its ______, and if it doesn't stick then its _______
oil
Manganese
26
Where can you access information on metals?
CCME
27
Arsenic is known for
Arsinopyrite (Gold Mining)
– Toxic. In pressure treated wood
28
Cadmium is known for
In batteries, electronics, and noncorrosive coatings
– Bioaccumulates, toxic
29
Manganese is known for ***
oxidizes to MnO2, Pyrolusite oily sheen (touch and it breaks up unlike
oil)
30
Metals that bioaccumulate are known to be in
rust resistant
alloys
31
Mercury is known for
Bioaccumulative,
used in gauges, meters, TV’s, Dentistry,
releases from incinerators, burning, fluorescent lights
32
Zinc is known for
Associated with
plating,
galvanizing,
Ash from burners
33
Selenium is known for
Plating, electronics, scrap yards
34
Lead is known for
batteries, paint
35
Sandblasting is a known source for
metals
36
older pesticides are persistant and last longer than new ones
T/F
T
37
Pesticides include (3)
Insecticides, Herbicides, Fungicides
38
Pesticides often have _______ with it which itself may be
toxic. May be metal like _____________
carrier associated
arsenic, copper, chromium or other.
39
Pesticide examples
Malathion, DDT, halogens,
etc.
40
Sources of pesticides
-Operators with a license to apply
-Exterminators
-Agricultural operations
41
creosote is
wood preservative
42
PAHs are knonw pollutant associated with
wild fires
43
what does LUST stand for
leaking underground storage tank
44
Soil Gas Survey is an example of a
Intrusive Sampling
45
Gases can move into your basement through
diffusion
46
what is a sampling device that can extract air from below the concrete
Summa Canister
47
Soil Vapour Sampling equipment
Summa Canister:
a canister which is under vacuum. When opened, they
begin to pull in atmosphere.
48
Do you suspect VOC’s in soil or groundwater
Use :
Soil Vapor Sampling
49
ground type for Soil Vapor Sampling
course-grained material
50
when can you not use a Soil Vapor Sampling
Do not use where probe cannot penetrate substrate or not enough
pore space to accumulate or move vapor
51
Soil Vapor Sampling Procedures
For static sampling analyze VOC’s with GC
For grab samples analyze VOC’s qualitatively with Photoionization detector (PID) or quantitatively by lab with Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS)
Protect vapor samples from UV light, seal in summa container
Label and chain-of-custody
Soil samples (PHC) are tested against
concentrations set by the Atlantic RBCA
(Risk Based Corrective Action Tier 1
screening levels)
52
INTRUSIVE TECHNIQUES include
Shallow test pits
Test Pits/Trenching/Drum sampling
Hand Augers
Boreholes
Monitor wells
53
Hand Augers drill
(drill from 1 to 2 m in silt/clay)
composite sample
54
what type of sample do you get from a hand auger
composite sample
55
Shallow test pits are
(hand dug/less than 0.5m):
look for color, staining, texture, analyze for
PCB’s, heavy TPH’s, Pesticides, metals
56
Deeper test pits have what issues
(up to 3 m, dug with backhoe, etc.)
Health and safety,
underground services
57
Benefits of Deeper test pits
– Can see soil stratigraphy, sample at various levels,
– May be able to determine water table depth.
Sampling simplified but can be messy. (do not
enter excavation)
58
when sampling in deep test pits you do not
enter excavation
59
when digging deeper test pits, how do you know if you have hit the water table?
WATER
flucuates with seasons
60
how can you tell if a UST is leaking?
Degree days
Look at temps. and cost factor to buy, if 1 year is spent much more than in previous years, it could be evidence of a leak
61
What is class A soil
man made
placed below concrete and structures
62
in commercial areas there is a lot of _________ soil added
Class A
63
What is a smear zone
when oil bobs up and down with the water table it creates a smear zone
64
smear zones are typically around ___ ft zones
4
65
What is the rule of thumb with PHC
if you can smell it you have to remove it
66
You can make deep trench pits safer by
bracing or stepping
67
HASP plan should address shoring of trench if >____meters deep
1.5
health and safety plan
68
Backhoe trench for
soil profiling,
uncovering buried objects,
appearance
, odour.
69
Boreholes are
A drilled cylindrical shaft used to collect undisturbed soil samples at depths below the ground surface.
Drilling equipment is dependent on the type of soil or rock
present.
Continuous soil sampling of the borehole can be done by driving or
hammering a split spoon sampler inside of a hollow stem auger or drill casing.
70
when drilling boreholes, drilling equipment is dependent on
the type of soil or rock present
71
Continuous soil sampling of the borehole can be done by
driving or hammering a split spoon sampler inside of
a hollow stem auger or drill casing
72
what is the most common method of collecting a sample from a borehole
hammering a split spoon sampler inside of
a hollow stem auger or drill casing
73
Boreholes using a split spoon are done by ____ ft intervals
2
beyond the end of the auger or drill
74
Boreholes using split spoon Samples are
continuous and disturbance is kept to a minimum
Ensure to obtain depth measurements of
where the samples are collected.
75
When split spoons encounter “refusal conditions” the driller will often
will often then begin
to use “augers”
76
what are the types of auggers
Solid Stem
Hollow Stem
77
which type of augger is more common
Hollow Stem
78
Benefits and Disadvantages of Hollow Stem augers
Well will not cave
Slower
79
Benefits and Disadvantages of Solid Stem
Faster
Chance of well caving during installation
80
When augers encounter “refusal conditions” the driller will often
hen begin to use “tricones” or “core bits”
81
The disadvantag of “tricones” or “core bits”
Water is injected into the well by the driller making it hard to determine the level of the water table
82
Monitor well is designed to
sample water table
groundwater sampling
(a borehole with a slotted casing, etc. installed)
83
Monitor wells are the Only way under RBCA groundwater can be
sampled
T/F
T
84
DNAPL is
dence non-aquous phase liquids
85
LNAPL is
light non-aquous phase liquids
86
what is an example of a LNAPL
gasoline
87
How does Contamination enter the water table?
Usually through the soil.
88
Before a monitor well is installed
a borehole must be drilled
89
boreholes are drilled by
an independent contractor
90
When installing a Monitor Well, As an environmental consultant, you will be responsible for ***
– overseeing borehole drilling,
– soil sampling during drilling,
– installation of the monitoring well, and
– subsequent groundwater sampling.
91
before a monitoring well can be installed
The well must be drilled to a depth of 3-4 feet (1-1.5 meters) below the top of the water table
92
While drilling, the consultant (you) will be
collecting information including: (4)
1. Well number/location
2. Split spoon information
-Lithology (soil color, grain size, odor, moisture, PID)
-Depth
-Blow counts
3. Depth to Groundwater
4. Core information
-Bedrock type
- RQD (deals with fractures in bedrock)
This information is eventually portrayed on a “Borehole Log”
93
what is RQD
(deals with fractures in bedrock)
94
MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES (2)
Drive point wells
Drilling individual monitoring wells
95
Drive point wells are
– Simplest/cheapest in loose sand/gravel/clay
– Hammer in well casing, screen to desired depth
– Can include bentonite rings to seal well screen
– Bentonite expands as it contacts water to create a water tight sea from above.
96
Drilling individual monitoring wells are
Once a borehole reaches its final depth a monitoring well can be installed.
Monitoring wells are a series of PVC tube sections with perforated or screened ends which allow groundwater to enter the tubing so it can
be sampled from the ground surface
As the drill casings are removed #2 silica sand is used to fill the lower, screened portion of the well.
The sand allows well water to enter the screen well freely.
Bentonite is used above the sand. When it contacts water it expands creating a water tight seal to isolate the water from above.
After the bentonite seal, natural fill or sand and gravel can be used to back fill the well
The section of well from the screened section to the surface is usually made with solid well sections called risers
Just beneath the surface a second bentonite seal is often used to prevent any contamination from entering from the
surface.
A steel cap maybe installed over the
concrete.
Note: Keep good measurements of the
section depths and fill material to create a
well drawing. See handout
97
#2 silica sand is
20/40 mesh screen
98
Hydro Geological Site Investigation (Phase 2)
What affects/controls the migration of contaminants?
99
What affects/controls the migration of contaminants? ***
– Hydrological factors, precipitation., temperature, surface drainage, vegetation, land use.
[river, rain, groundwater temp allows contaminants to move quicker; vegetation can hold more contaminants]
– Geological factors, topography, stratigraphic sequence, faults, joints, bedding planes, etc.
– Hydrogeological factors, hydraulic gradients, water table depth & fluctuations, hydraulic properties of subsurface materials
100
What has to be determined Hydro Geological Site Investigation (Phase 2)? (3)
Direction and rate of groundwater movement
Principle pathways and factors determining migration of contaminants
Quantify physical parameters of materials controlling groundwater
flow.
101
what are geological joints
laying os soil
102
to determine the direction of ground water flow you need at least ___ monitoring wells
3
103
Principle pathways and factors determining migration of contaminants done with
boreholes
104
Drill to determine
stratigraphic sequence
105
to determine stratigraphic sequenceyou need to ***
drill min three boreholes in triangular pattern
Use to map groundwater flow andhydrostratigraphic units under site.
Need to assess risk of contaminant movement
106
Geophysical techniques to determine
depth to bedrock/impervious layer as well as tanks (location)
107
Field Program includes
(Phase 2)
Geophysical techniques
108
if you contaminate a aquifer you will
have a lot more to deal with
contaminant will spread further
clean up will differ(water and soil different
109
generallly the water table
flows with the topography
but doesnt have to
110
Drilling and sediment sampling techniques
determined by:
– Subsurface material
– Assessability of the site
– Availability of drilling equipment
111
The drilling program should provide:
– Position/thickness of stratigraphic units
– Mineralogy of each unit, grain size, porosity, water saturation
112
Factors when drilling initial boreholes
– Stay away from
Active streams (influence flow)
Topographic mounds (contaminate source?)
Property boundaries
113
when drilling it is very important to
stay away from rivers
and only drill within the property boundaries
114
its best to drill right through the UST
T/F
T
115
Main factor when drilling initial boreholes
will be source location
116
Monitor recovery
Plot hydraulic heads to produce equipotential map.
Can determine groundwater flow direction.
Must determine elevation of each monitoring well
117
equipotential map***
Plot hydraulic heads
118
Determining Ground Water Flow acceptable and not acceptable locations
off-axis wells allow triangulation (acceptable)
linear wells not acceptable
119
why is linear well arrangement not acceptable
can result in an ambiguous groundwater flow direction
120
when drilling you should drill with
the groundwater flow
121
when Sampling Groundwater you must
Remove water after drilling to remove contaminants from drilling
process
Let groundwater settle for a week
Purge monitoring wells 3 casings
122
when looking for VOCs in groundwater you use
Wattera
123
Groundwater Sampling Procedures
Sample as soon as possible after purging
Lower bailer into groundwater slowly
Use disposal bailers for petroleum
Use Wattera if looking for VOC’s
124
when looking for petroleum in groundwater you use
Use disposal bailers
125
Analytical Program
Research how suspected contaminants behave/migrate under
different release mechanisms
Choose appropriate certified laboratory
Was lab turn around time agreed upon in writing!
Lab implemented QA/QC program?
126
Contract with Lab includes
– Analytical methods used
– Detection limits (RBCA only to C36)
– QC method (blanks, duplicates (field & lab, etc.)
– Sampling date/time
– Analytical date/time
– Confirmation of final lab report (sample results, detection limits, QC results)
– Sample retention time at lab
– Disposal method for sample media
127
Methods of Investigation
Use best investigative technologies (efficiency, cost effective)
Sample appropriate media (surface/ ground) water, soil, sediment, gas.
Reach required depth considering subsurface conditions
Only want enough samples to achieve goal
Minimize destruction, investigation derived waste
Coordinate with subcontractor to provide appropriate equipment/tools
128
if a contaminant enters groundwater, you must
drill monitoring wells
129
you get site geology from
phase 1
130
Site Investigation (SI) Work Plan Includes
Written work plan
Objectives of site investigation
Present rationale used in Sampling strategy (SS) and Analytical Plan (AP
Describe how to modify work plan
Specify sampling strategies & analytical program
Ensure sampling methods are compatible with site geology
Procedures
– Equipment decontamination
– QA/QC
Name/location of lab
Analytical methods for each sample
Collection of samples from lowest possible contamination first
Compliance with regulatory agency
Mgmt/disposal of investigation derived
waste
131
Site Investigation (SI) Work Plan
Checklist
Did you obtain all necessary permits?
Did you acquire legal access to property?
Did you schedule subcontractors?
Did you notify agencies/property owners of schedule?
Did you call about underground services?
132
Sampling Documentation
Field Notebooks
Sample Labels
Chain of Custody/Custody Seals
Photography/Video Logs
Shipping Papers
133
Field Notebook Entries:
Location/ Sketches
Date/Time
Sampling Purpose
Contact Names (Fed., Prov., Munic.)
Sampling Locations
Sample Description
Date/Time of Sample Collection
Field Observations
Field Measurements
134
Field (Log) Book Requirements:
– Bound notebook
– Sequentially numbered with Table of Contents
– Nonerasable waterproof ink
– Correcting errors (single line through & initial)
– Factual and direct
– Sign and date each page
Option: loose leaf and scan in computer
135
is loose leaf and scan in computer okay for field log? `
yes
136
Sample Identification/Labeling
Project Code/Number
Sample number
Station Location
Collection Date/Time
Preservation
Required Analysis
Names/ Signatures
Remarks
137
A sample is under custody if:
– It is in your possession
– It is in your view after being in your possession
– It is held in a designated secure area
138
Chain of Custody
– A reconstruction of who had access to
the sample from the time it was
collected until final analysis is
completed.
139
Determine Analytical and
Sampling Methods to Assure
Conformance with Regulations
Proper Samples Collected (Lab will advise)
– Volumes
– Containers
– Preservatives
Correct Equipment Used
140
Equipment Selected to Assure:
Regulatory Compliance
Proper Sample collection
No Carry-over/Cross-contamination
– Cleanable
– Disposable (preferred)
Compatibility with Media
141
QA/QC/Sampling Collection & Storage
CCME Guidance Manual on Sampling
Analysis and Data Management for
Contaminated Sites. Volume II.
Analytical Method Summaries, 1993.
CCME Subsurface Assessment
Handbook for Contaminated Sites,
1994
142
Quality Assurance/Quality
Control (QA/QC) Goal
statistical evaluation
Identify and Implement Correct Sampling and Analysis Methods
Limit the Error Introduced into the Sampling and Analysis Procedures
Quality Program (QA/QC) Includes:
– Data Quality Objectives (DQO)
– Types and Number of QC Samples
– Sample Collection, Handling and Storage
– Analytical Procedures
143
Quality Program (QA/QC) Includes
– Data Quality Objectives (DQO)
– Types and Number of QC Samples
– Sample Collection, Handling and Storage
– Analytical Procedures
144
QA/QC Samples
Analysis in Addition to Field Samples
Provide Information on Variability and Usability of Data
QA/QC Sample Quantity Determined by:
– Laboratory Requirements
– DQOs
– Regulatory Requirements
– Agency/Organization Standards
145
QA/QC Sample Quantity Determined by:
– Laboratory Requirements
– DQOs
– Regulatory Requirements
– Agency/Organization Standards
146
FIELD QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY
CONTROL SAMPLES
Duplicate or Replicate (split sample)
Field Blank (prepare in lab, no analyate, open during sampling); Assess contamination errors associated with Sampling Methods & Laboratory Procedures
Trip/ Travel/ Transport Blank (no analyte)
– Assess contamination errors associated with:
Sample Handling & Shipping & laboratory handling and
analysis
Field/ Trip/ Travel/ Transport Spikes
Background sample
147
Rinsate (Equipment) Blank
To Insure the Equipment is not Contaminated
Obtain by running analyte-free deionized Water over Decontaminated Sampling Equipment
Test for Residual Contamination or Carry-over
148
Background (Baseline) Samples
Determine the “natural” constituents
of Water
Provide a Basis for Comparison for Samples Collected at the Site
Collect Sample Up gradient of Contaminated area
Select Area with little or no Contamination Migration
149
where could you end up with an area where contamination is natural
mines
150
QA/QC Samples types and quantities *** (6)
Trip Blanks – 1 per Day
Field Blanks – 1 per day per group
Field Replicates – 1 per 10 samples
Rinsate – 1 per day per device
Background – Minimum of 1
Matrix Spike – 1 per 20 samples
151
Health/Safety Plan
Site specific plan to address all potential site hazards/worker
protection
Appendix to work plan
Maintained as separate document
152
Health and Safety Plan Objective
To Prevent or Reduce Detrimental Effects to Site Workers.
153
Health and Safety Plan STEPS
– Identify potential hazardous substances/ situations
– Characterize hazardous substances/ situations
– Evaluate potential effects
– Initiate control procedures to minimize hazards
154
Checklist of Safety Issues
– Electrical- Underground and above ground power cables
– Physical – Unstable slopes, dangerous debris, heavy machinery, and surface water
– Noise – Aesthetic impact and ear damage
155
Health and safety plans should address
–Temperature – Stress and heat exhaustion
–Radiation – Exposure
–Biological – Disease, infection and parasites
–Chemical – Explosion, fire, skin and eye contact, inhalation and
ingestion
156
Key personnel and
responsibilities
Must be clearly identified and roles documented.
Include organizational structure/chain of command. Immediate staff & alternates
157
List of known chemicals/physical hazards (MSDS Sheets)
Key personnel on site should be familiar with basic chemical
properties of contaminants e.g
Flammability,
corrosive,
toxicity,
reactivity,
name of product,
incompatibility,
reactivity, by-products,
Specific Gravity,
flash point,
vapor density
158
Associated exposure guidelines
and symptoms (MSDS Sheets)
Personal protective equipment requirements & respiratory protection depend on
Exposure Limit
– TWA’s (time weighed average)
– 8 hour
– Short term
– Ceiling
– IDLH (Immediate Danger to life or health)
Routes of Chemical Exposure and target organs
Symptoms of exposure
159
Personnel requirements
(training, medical monitoring, etc.
Routine operations & emergencies
List minimum training requirements
– General e.g.. 40 hour contaminatedsites training course
– Site Specific Training
WHMIS
Operation of specialized equipment
160
Monitoring Equipment
– Flammable/explosive (sniffer)
– Toxic gases/vapors
– Temperature
161
PPE
Protect respiratory, skin, eyes,
face, hands, feet, head & hearing
depending on site
162
Site control measures
like fencing, signs, etc
Often regulations/guidelines requiring
Security on site to exclude unauthorized access
May divide site into zones
– Exclusion zone
– Contamination reduction zone
– Support zone
163
In Contamination reduction zone (CRZ)
– No smoking, eating, drinking
– No matches or lighter
– Check-in before entering/leaving zone
164
Exclusion zone (EZ)
– No smoking, eating, drinking
– No matches or lighter
– Check-in before entering/leaving zone
– Use Buddy system to maintain visual/vocal
contact with buddy in case of emergency
– Wear fully charged SCBA
– Report any unusual conditions to supervisor
165
Decontamination/Disposal Procedures
Procedures available to personnel and
implemented
– Decontamination of Personnel & Equipment
Clothing, equipment, samples
– Protection of Decontamination Personnel (PPE)
– Disposal of Wastes
PPE & Equipment in properly labeled containers
Decontaminate or discard
Decontamination liquids handled properly
166
Site Investigative Report
Risk assessment if no standards (Buchans- children in contact with soil)
Fully describe work performed
Document data gathered
Evaluate data
Identify & resolve discrepancies like missing/ incomplete information,
conflicting data (discuss with client)
Do not change work plan after discussion with client.
Outline report organization in table of contents
Identify figures and tables
Check sources and properly cite
Always ensure report was peer reviewed?
Include a detailed discussion of assumptions and state limitations
167
Site Investigative Report should use
most stringent standards applicable CCME, Provincial, etc.
168
who has the most stringent standards applicable
CCME, Provincial, etc.
Ontario
169
mbgs stands for
meters below ground surface
169
house on a slab means
no basement
170
free product means
going everywhere -ex going into cracks in bedrock
171
indoor air concentrations is associated with
buildings with basements
172
What are the differences between the tables given in class
pathways
173
the concentrations in the table are in
mg/kg
174
Course grain vs fine grain
fine grain reduses the contaminants pathways/spreadability
175
what is #2
diesel
176
What is #6
Oil
177
What is non potable water
city water
178
what is potable water
drinking water from well
179
why does non potable water have a higher conc. values in table
because the plastic hose will protect the water; wells would be at a higher risk of exposure
180
what things must be considered when creating a sample plan
what youre sampling for
equipment
utilities
cost
lab procedure
safety
181
what depth can you enter a hole before needing more safety measures
5ft
182
how many pounds per blow count?
140
183
after ____ blows and it doesnt move ____ inches that mean it has hit ____
20
6
bedrock/refusal
